Table 6.
Summary of studies evaluating the effects of CS-based NPs and CS-modified metal NPs on the wound closure rate in animal models in terms of the percentage wound closure at the study end-point.
| NP formulation | Active ingredient | Encapsulation efficiency | Diameter | Surface charge | Wound Model (Animal Model) | Initial Wound Size | Percentage Wound Closure at Study End-point | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Therapeutic compound loaded CS-based NPs | ||||||||
| Alginate-coated CS nanogela | SSD | 41.35% | 697.19 nm† | −29.92 mV | Burn wound (Female rat) |
– | • Control (16.07% ± 1.52%) • SSD (34.53 ± 2.61%) • SSD-loaded alginate-coated CS nanogel (49.61% ± 5.01%) |
[171] |
| CSNPa | QUE | 90.00% ± 3.30% | 361.16 ± 9.72 nm† | – | Full-thickness wound (Male Wistar rat) |
≈400 mm2 | • Control (>90%) • QUE (>90%) • CSNP (>90%) • QUE-loaded CSNP (>90%) |
[150] |
| CSNPa | CUR | – | 196.40 nm† | +30.30 mV | Diabetic wound (Male Wistar rat) | 2.0 × 2.0 cm2 | • Control (44.6% ± 6.3%) • Collagen-alginate scaffold containing • CUR-loaded CSNP (98.1% ± 3.4%) |
[173] |
| Gelatin/CSNPc | EGCG | 45.80% ± 3.70% | 236.60 ± 7.80 nm† | +28.90 ± 1.20 mV | S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa infected full-thickness wound (Male Sprague-Dawley rat) | 1.0 × 1.0 cm2 | • Control (≈70%) • EGCG-loaded gelatin/CSNP + Activated carbon with gentamicin + γ-PGA/gelatin hydrogel (≈90%) |
[129] |
| CSNPa | CUR | 91.97% | 257.70 ± 2.14 nm† | +30 ± 14mV | Full-thickness wound (Male Wistar rat) | ≈500 mm2 | • Control (≈20%) • CUR (≈90%) • CSNP (≈65%) • CUR-loaded CSNP (≈100%) |
[174] |
| CSNPa | CUR | 93.00% ± 5.00% | 359 ± 65 nm† | −10.70 ± 0.10 mV | Full-thickness wound (Male Wistar rat) |
1.5 × 1.5 cm2 | • Control (42.5% ± 4.7%) • CSNP-loaded PCL-gelatin nanofibre (≈65%) • CUR-loaded CSNP (73.4% ± 3.2%) • PCL-gelatin nanofibre containing CUR-loaded CSNP (82%) |
[156] |
| CSNPa | Insulin | 77% | 294.50 ± 21.92 nm† | +17.89 ± 0.74 mV | Full-thickness wound (Male Wistar rat) |
1.5 × 1.5 cm2 | • Control (45.70% ± 4.06%) • PCL-collagen scaffold containing insulin-loaded CSNP (96.90 ± 1.11%) |
[130] |
| Lecithin/CSNPg | MEL | 27% | 160.43 ± 4.45 nm† | 25.00 ± 0.57mV | Diabetic full-thickness wound (Wistar rat) | 9 mm diameter | • Control (≈27%) • MEL (≈13%) • Lecithin/CSNP (≈40%) • MEL-loaded lecithin/CSNP (≈44%) |
[166] |
| CSNPa | Insulin | 97.19% ± 2.18% | 245.90 ± 25.46 nm† | +39.30 ± 4.88 mV | Diabetic full-thickness wound (Female Wistar rat) | 8 mm diameter | • Insulin (≈100%) • CSNP (≈100%) • Insulin-loaded CSNP (≈100%) |
[176] |
| CS-modified metal NPs | ||||||||
| CS-AgNP# | Silver, Ag | – | 5 – 50 nm§ | – | Full-thickness wound (Male Kunming mice) |
10 mm diameter | • Control (76.35%) • CS-BG sponge (87.7%) • CS-BG + CS-AgNP bilayer sponge (89.3%) |
[132] |
| MMT-CS-AuNp# | Gold, Au | – | 10.07 ± 2.34 nm† | – | MRSA infected full-thickness wounds (New Zealand rabbits) |
25 mm diameter | • Control (67%) • CS-AuNP loaded gelatin (83%) • MMT-CS-AuNP-loaded gelatin (91.5%) |
[135] |
| CS-SER-AgNP# | Silver, Ag | – | 239.90 ± 1.56 nm† | +37.00 ± 3.60 mV | Full-thickness wound (Wistar rat) |
10 mm diameter | • Control (40% ± 3.92%) • CS-SER-AgNP (70% ± 3.14%) |
[139] |
| TMC-immobilised AgNP‡ | Silver, Ag | – | – | – | Full-thickness wound (Mice) |
– | • Control (≈45%) • CS (≈60%) • TMC (≈60%) • TMC-immobilised AgNP (≈70%) |
[110] |
a
Prepared using ionic gelation method with TPP as a cross-linker.
c
Prepared by gelation of CS and gelatin mixture.
g
Prepared using self-assembly.
#
Prepared using chemical reduction method.
‡
Prepared using template method.
†
Size measured using DLS.
§
Size measured.