Table 3.
Summary of indicators employed to measure the contribution of biodiversity to nutrition in food consumption studies.
| Level of analysis | Indicator | General overview of the indicator accordingly to descriptions provided by the authors | Number of the study |
|---|---|---|---|
| Production, collection, or supply | Crop species richness (CSR) | Number of species cultivated in a given area | #12 |
| Crop varietal richness (CVR) | Number of intraspecies varieties cultivated in a given area | #12 | |
| Food accessed diversity index (FADI) | FADI is a ratio that expresses the productive capacity of the household in terms relative to the community. It is calculated by dividing the total number of edible resources grown, collected, accessed, and raised in a given family (n) by the maximum number of foods grown, collected, accessed, and raised in a given community (N). The quotient result is squared. Foods accessed from the market are not included in this index. Values closer to 0 indicate inequality in food access; closer to 1, the opposite | #10 | |
| Plant genetic diversity (PGD)—cultivar | Number of cultivars available within a given species in the analyzed area | #14 | |
| Plant genetic diversity (PGD)—germplasm | PGD (germplasm) is an indicator that expresses the degree of modification of a particular cultivar: (1) modern or high yield; (2) locally improved; (3) traditional or rustic; and (4) unknown. The use of this indicator requires support from agricultural experts | #14 | |
| Species richness (SR) | Total number of species found in a sample | #6 #15 | |
| Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) | H′ is an indicator that expresses the species diversity of a given sample. This indicator considers the number of species (how many species) and also the distribution among individuals considering richness, divergence, or evenness | #6 #17 | |
| Food consumption by population or household | Household diet diversity scores (HHDDS) or Household dietary diversity score (HDDS) | HHDDS or HDDS indicates the ability of a population or household members to access some food groups in a given period. The indicator ranges from 0 to 12. The following 12 food groups are used to calculate the HDDS indicator: cereals; roots and tubers; vegetable; fruits; red meat, chicken and offal; eggs; fishes and seafood; pulses and nuts; milk and dairy products; oil and fat; sugar and honey; and miscellany | #1 #7 #11 #12 #20 |
| Food biodiversity score (FBS) | Number of different types of food consumed by household members | #18 | |
| Food consumption score (FCS) | FCS is calculated with the consumption frequency of different food groups consumed by a household during the seven days preceding the survey. There are different weights to express the “nutritional density” for each food group that compose the FCS: cereals (2); roots and tubers (2); vegetables (1); fruits (1); red meat, chicken and giblets (4); eggs; fish and seafood (4); pulses and nuts (3); milk and dairy products (4); oils and fats (0.5); sugar and honey (0.5); and miscellany. The FCS ranges from 0 to 112; generally, scores ≤ 21 are considered poor, from 21.5 to 35 borderline, and >35, acceptable | #11 | |
| Food variety score (FVS) | Number of different types of food consumed at home in seven days. The FVS is used as a specification of FCS, describing the foods consumed within one specified food group. Ex.: Cereals and wheat products: corn, rice, pasta, bread, cornflour | #7 | |
| Forest food consumption score (FFCS) | Number of forest food items consumed at home in 7 days | #7 | |
| Minimum diet diversity (MDD) | MDD indicates the proportion of children aged 6 to 23 months who consumed at least five food groups in the 24 h before the inquiry. The following food groups are considered: breast milk; grains, roots and tubers; pulses and nuts; dairy products; meat; eggs; fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A; and other fruits and vegetables. MDD is a measure that expresses the quality of the diet, given its association with MAR | #15 #22 | |
| Minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) or minimum dietary diversity index for women (MDD-W) | MDD-W indicates the proportion of women ages 15–49 who consumed at least five WDDS food groups in the past 24 h. MDD-W informs the quality of diets of women of reproductive age due to its relationship with MAR | #5 #10 #11 #13 #19 | |
| Food consumption by individuals | Women dietary diversity score (WDDS) | WDDS is a count of the total number of food groups consumed by women of reproductive age. The following food groups are considered: (i) white grains, roots and tubers, and plantain; (ii) pulses; (iii) nuts and seeds; (iv) dairy products; (v) meat, poultry, and fish; (vi) eggs; (vii) vegetables with dark green leaves; (viii) other vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin A; (ix) other vegetables; and (x) other fruits | #2 #13 #15 |
| Dietary species richness (DSR) | DSR corresponds to counting the number of different species consumed by the individual, per day. It is a measure that expresses the quality of the diet, given its association with MAR | #4 #13 #15 #19 #22 | |
| Traditional food diversity score (TFDS) | DSR corresponds to counting the number of different local species (wild and cultivated) consumed by the individual, per day. It is a measure that expresses the quality of the diet, given its association with MAR | #19 | |
| Simpson diversity index (D) | When applied to analyze diets, D indicates the number of different species consumed in a day and the distribution of the quantities consumed. To calculate D, the weight (in grams) of a given species consumed is divided by the total weight of all species consumed per individual per day | #15 | |
| Dietary consumption by individuals | Functional diversity (FD) | FD reflects the diversity of the nutritional composition of the species consumed by each individual. To calculate the FD it is necessary to have the nutritional composition data of all foods eaten in a day | #15 #20 |
| Protein intake from the consumption of wild animals | Percentage of contribution of a given food (or foods) to the total of protein intake | #3 | |
| Contribution to total energy intake (%) | Percentage of contribution of a given food (or foods) to the total of energy intake | #21 | |
| Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) or probability of adequacy (PA) or contribution to the intake of a given nutrient (%) | This indicator expresses the ratio between the nutrient intake of one individual and the dietary reference intake (i.e., RDA or EAR) | #2 #4 #7 #8 #9 #13 #16 #19 #21 #22 | |
| Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) or mean probability of adequacy (MPA) | MAR is the arithmetic mean of the probable nutrient adequacy values (e.g., NAR) consumed by one individual in a day. It comprises the sum of all adequacy percentages divided by the number of nutrients evaluated. Thus, higher MAR values correspond to a greater diet adherence to nutritional requirements. | #13 #15 #16 #19 #22 |