Table 4.

Compensation type, model, and measurements.

Compensation type, model, and measurements					References
Disuse of the affected upper limb
	Arm use
		The ratio between the duration of movement in the least and less affected arm		[82]
		Mean squared sum of the acceleration over a 1-minute epoch of the arm		[83,85]
		Torques due to the measured tangential forces on the split-steering wheel		[84]
	Arm nonuse
		The difference of the Euclidean distance between the trunk and hand to the target		[86]
		Movement time, peak velocity, total displacement, and movement smoothness		[87]
		Root mean square of the rotation angle of the steering wheel		[88]
		Total movement duration of each limb and the ratio between the movement duration in the paretic and nonparetic limb		[89]
	Interlimb coordination	Amplitude, time, and frequency data from inertial sensors on upper body		[81]
Awkward use of the affected UEa
	Trunk compensation
		Trunk movements in the sagittal plane: trunk lean forward, trunk displacement, trunk flexion, trunk anteriorization, and trunk lean backward
			Trunk angular displacement	[20,22,23,25-27,39,47,60,63,68,90]
			Trunk linear displacement	[24,30,40,41,51,52,58,66]
			Trunk contribution slope	[37,38,62]
			Acceleration of trunk motion	[28,64]
			sEMGb signal	[39,77]
			Face orientation	[27]
			Measurements for AIc-based compensatory posture classification	[43-45,48-50,53,54,61,74,77,91]
			N/Ad	[56,65,69]
		Trunk movements in the transverse plane: trunk rotation and trunk twist
			Trunk angular displacement	[22,25,26,39,47,68,90]
			Acceleration of trunk motion	[27,28,64]
			Trunk linear displacement	[34,40]
			sEMG signal	[39]
			Measurements for AI-based compensatory posture classification	[45,48-50,53,54,61,74,77,91]
			N/A	[65,69]
		Trunk movements in the coronal plane: trunk leans from side to side, trunk contralateral and ipsilateral flexion, trunk lateral bending, and trunk lateral shift
			Trunk angular displacement	[21,22,47,60,68,90]
			Trunk linear displacement	[34,41]
			Measurements for AI-based compensatory posture classification	[61]
		Unspecified
			Trunk movement time, trunk distance, trunk peak velocity, and maximal angle of trunk flexion	[46]
			Position and angle	[42,59]
	Shoulder compensation
		Shoulder elevation
			Elevation angle of scapula, acromion, or acromio-clavicular joint	[26,39,57,66]
			Acceleration of shoulder joint motion	[27,28]
			Shoulder vertical translated distance	[37]
			sEMG signal	[39]
			Measurements for AI-based compensatory posture classification	[45,48-50,53,54,74,77,91]
			N/A	[69]
		Shoulder abduction
			Acceleration of shoulder joint motion	[27,28,64]
			Shoulder abduction angle	[70]
			fMRIe	[71]
		Shoulder girdle compensatory movements
			Acceleration of shoulder joint motion	[29,64]
			sEMG signal	[30]
			Shoulder position	[31]
			The coefficient of the elbow joint extension to the shoulder joint flexion ratio	[72]
		Shoulder forward	Shoulder forward liner displacement	[26,32]
		Shoulder overflexion	Shoulder flexion angle	[22,33,73]
		Unspecified	Shoulder position	[59]
	Elbow compensation: insufficient elbow extension
		Elbow extension angle		[66,74,90]
		Acceleration of elbow joint motion		[27,28]
		N/A		[65]
	Finger compensation
		Individual finger compensation	Finger extension angle	[34]
		Multiple fingers adaptive compensation
			The covariance of individual finger impulses across multiple pulses	[75]
			Pressure force of fingers	[76]
	Joint coordination
		Scapula, shoulder, elbow and wrist joint angles, movement time, goal-equivalent variance, nongoal-equivalent variance		[36]
		Joint angles		[35]
	Muscle synergy	sEMG signal		[33]
	Slouching	Joint position		[69]

^aUE: upper extremity.

^bsEMG: surface electromyogram.

^cAI: artificial intelligence.

^dN/A: not applicable.

^efMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging.