Table 1. Characteristics of the Patient Cohort From 2001 Primary Care Encounters, Stratified by Receipt vs Nonreceipt of Fundoscopy at Least Once in 2019.
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 767) | Received ≥1 PCP fundoscopic examination | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 674) | Yes (n = 93) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
| Age at first visit, median (IQR), y | 64 (54-71) | 64 (55-71) | 60 (52-70) | 0.86 (0.72-1.03)b | NA | NA |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||
| Female | 387 (50.5) | 343 (50.9) | 44 (47.3) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Male | 380 (49.5) | 331 (49.1) | 49 (52.7) | 1.15 (0.75-1.79) | NA | NA |
| Race, No (%) | ||||||
| African American or Black | 297 (38.7) | 267 (39.6) | 30 (32.3) | 0.74 (0.46-1.19) | NA | NA |
| Alaska Native or American Indian | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | NAc | NA | NA |
| Asian | 29 (3.8) | 25 (3.7) | 4 (4.3) | 1.06 (0.30-2.86) | NA | NA |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (1.1) | NAc | NA | NA |
| White | 404 (52.7) | 351 (52.1) | 53 (57.0) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| ≥1 Race | 16 (2.1) | 13 (1.9) | 3 (3.2) | NAc | NA | NA |
| Otherd | 10 (1.3) | 10 (1.5) | 0 | 1.28 (0.46-3.02) | NA | NA |
| Not reported | 8 (1.0) | 6 (0.9) | 2 (2.2) | NAc | NA | NA |
| Ethnicity, No (%) | ||||||
| Hispanic | 17 (2.2) | 13 (1.9) | 4 (4.3) | 2.29 (0.63, 6.65) | NA | NA |
| Non-Hispanic | 727 (94.8) | 641 (95.1) | 86 (92.5) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Not reported | 23 (3.0) | 20 (3.0) | 3 (3.2) | 1.12 (0.26-3.35) | NA | NA |
| Insurance type at first visit | ||||||
| Commercial | 361 (47.1) | 309 (45.8) | 52 (55.9) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Medicare Advantage | 183 (23.9) | 165 (24.5) | 18 (19.4) | 0.65 (0.36-1.12) | NA | NA |
| Medicare | 199 (25.9) | 180 (26.7) | 19 (20.4) | 0.63 (0.35-1.08) | NA | NA |
| Medicaid | 19 (2.5) | 16 (2.4) | 3 (3.2) | 1.11 (0.25-3.49) | NA | NA |
| Tricare | 5 (0.7) | 4 (0.6) | 1 (1.1) | 1.49 (0.08-10.3) | NA | NA |
| Yearly mean HbA1c level, median (IQR), % of total Hb | 6.83 (6.35-7.65) | 6.83 (6.30-7.70) | 6.85 (6.55-7.25) | 0.93 (0.77-1.10) | NA | NA |
| Taking insulin at any point in 2019, No. (%) | ||||||
| No | 605 (78.9) | 532 (78.9) | 73 (78.5) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Yes | 162 (21.1) | 142 (21.1) | 20 (21.5) | 1.03 (0.59-1.71) | NA | NA |
| No. of encounters per patient, median (IQR) | 2 (1-3) | 2 (2-3) | 2 (1-4) | 1.01 (0.88-1.14) | NA | NA |
| Type of diabetes | ||||||
| Type 1 | 30 (3.9) | 27 (4.0) | 3 (3.2) | 0.80 (0.19-2.32) | NA | NA |
| Type 2 | 737 (96.1) | 647 (96.0) | 90 (96.8) | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA |
| Eye concern reported at any PCP encounter, No. (%) | 33 (4.3) | 31 (4.6) | 2 (2.2) | 0.46 (0.07-1.54) | NA | NA |
| ≥1 Eye care professional examination documented in 2019 by PCP | ||||||
| Up-to-date | 466 (60.8) | 404 (59.9) | 62 (66.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Not up-to-date | 156 (20.3) | 145 (21.5) | 11 (11.8) | 0.94 (0.89-1.00) | 0.56 (0.27-1.08) | .10 |
| Not documented | 145 (18.9) | 125 (18.5) | 20 (21.5) | 1.00 (0.95-1.07) | 0.97 (0.54-1.69) | .92 |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NA, not applicable; PCP, primary care professional.
SI conversion factor: To convert HbA1c to a proportion of total Hb, multiply by 0.01.
Values are from the multivariable model, which included years in practice of PCP; PCP credential; rural clinic location; whether eye care professional examination was documented as up-to-date, documented as not up-to-date, or not documented; and clinic location in a primary care shortage area.
Per 10 years of age.
Alaska Native or American Indian, more than 1 race, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and patients for whom race was not reported were combined with the Other group into a single group for regression analysis because group sizes were so small as to lead to issues with perfect separation with this covariate.
The Duke Enterprise Data Unified Content Explorer was used to collect patient racial and ethnic information, which was based on patient self-report. In that system, patients could self-identify as other.