Table 4. Clinic and Primary Care Professional Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Clinics or professionals, No. (%) | Received ≥1 fundoscopic examination in 2019, No. (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 674) | Yes (n = 93) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
| Clinic characteristics (n = 28) | ||||||
| Located in a rural area | 8 (28.6) | 258 (38.3) | 17 (18.3) | 0.36 (0.20-0.61) | 0.46 (0.18-1.17) | .11 |
| Located in a primary care shortage area | 6 (21.4) | 252 (37.4) | 19 (20.4) | 0.43 (0.25-0.71) | 0.59 (0.23-1.41) | .25 |
| Located in a medically underserved area | 6 (21.4) | 314 (46.6) | 35 (37.6) | 0.69 (0.44-1.08) | NA | NA |
| No. of ophthalmologists per capita (county-level), median (IQR) | 5 (4-20) | 5 (4-20) | 5 (5-20) | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) | NA | NA |
| PCP characteristics (n = 197) | ||||||
| PCP credential | ||||||
| Physician | 142 (72.1) | 544 (80.7) | 82 (88.2) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| Nurse practitioner | 32 (16.2) | 89 (13.2) | 6 (6.5) | 0.45 (0.17-0.98) | 0.23 (0.04-0.79) | .049 |
| Physician assistant | 23 (11.7) | 41 (6.1) | 5 (5.4) | 0.81 (0.27-1.93) | 0.87 (0.28-2.18)) | .78 |
| PCP years in practice, median (IQR) | 18 (9-28) | 18 (9-28) | 22 (19-28) | 1.33 (1.08-1.65)b | 1.26 (1.01-1.59)b | .04 |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; PCP, primary care professional.
a
Values are from the multivariable model, which included years in practice of PCP; PCP credential; rural clinic location; whether eye care professional examination was documented as up-to-date, documented as not up-to-date, or not documented; and whether the clinic location was in a primary care shortage area.
b
Per 10 years in practice.