Table 2.

Representative natural compounds regulating lipid metabolism in cancer cell death.

Compounds	Sources	Drug development stage	Effects	Mechanisms	Cancer types	References
Celastrol	Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F.	Pre-clinical	Lipid accumulation↓, lipophagy↑	LXRα/ABCA1↑, CAV-1/LOX-1↓	Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	[164,165]
Platycodin D	Platycodon grandiflorus	Pre-clinical	LDL uptake↑, autophagy↓	LDLR↑	Glioblastoma	[166]
Berberine	Ranunculaceae	Pre-clinical	Lipid synthesis↓, apoptosis↑	FASN↓	Breast cancer	[167]
Betulinic acid	Betulaceae	Pre-clinical	De novo FA synthesis↓, apoptosis↑	SCD-1↓	Cervical cancer	[168,169]
GL22	Ganoderma mushrooms	Pre-clinical	Disrupted FA transport, cell death↑	FABPs↓	Liver cancer	[175]
Peiminine	Fritillaria thunbergii	Pre-clinical	PUFAs accumulation, apoptosis and autophagy↑	PI3K/Akt/mTOR↑	Colorectal cancer	[170,171,177]
Resveratrol	Polygonum cuspidatum, Vitis	Phase I-III	Lipogenesis ↓, apoptosis↑	Fas/CAV-1, caspase-8 DAPK2, BNIP3↑	Breast cancer, non-small lung adenocarcinoma	[173,174]
Citral	Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) citral	Pre-clinical	Lipogenesis↓, apoptosis↑	FASN, ACC, HMGR, SREBP1, Bcl-2↓, BAX↑	Prostate cancer	[176]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa L.	Phase I-II	LD formation↓	cPLA2α↓	Glioblastoma	[170,171,177]

↓: Downregulation; ↑: Upregulation.