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. 2022 Jun 28;19:169. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02523-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The continuous feeding of antibiotics (ABX) cocktail depletes majority of gut microbiota without affecting the behaviorally expressed thermal and mechanical sensory sensitivity in naïve mice. A Time course of the water intake in animals with SPF- and ABX-treatment. Two-way ANOVA with Sidak multiple comparison test **p < 0.01 (n = 3 in each group). B Representative images and statistical summary of the cecum from SPF and ABX-treated mice. The enlarged cecum and dark cecal content were shown in ABX-treated mice. Unpaired t-test **p < 0.01 (n = 6 in each group). C, D Representative images (C) and statistical summary (D) of colony-formation units (CFUs) of the fecal microbiota plated on TSA media. CFUs were reduced at day 7 and remained low at day 14 and 21 following ABX treatment. Two-way ANOVA with Sidak multiple comparison test, **p < 0.01 versus SPF (n = 6 in each group). E Effect of ABX treatment on the stool DNA concentration. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett multiple comparison test **p < 0.01 (n = 2–3). F Stacked bar-chart plot of the fecal microbiota composition of SPF and ABX-treated mice at phylum level. G The Principal Component Analysis of gut microbiota composition of SPF and ABX-treated mice (ABX: n = 4; SFP: n = 5). H 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal microbiota showing that the α-diversity of the microbiota was reduced in ABX-treated mice, compared to SPF mice. Unpaired t-test **p < 0.01(ABX: n = 4; SPF: n = 5). I–K ABX treatment did not alter the thermal (I) and mechanical sensory sensitivity (J) and capsaicin-induced licking (K) behavior. Unpaired t-test (n = 5 in each group). L, M 5-HT concentration in the spinal (L) and serum (M) of the SPF and ABX-treated mice. Unpaired t-test (L n = 8; M n = 5)