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. 2022 Jun 28;19:169. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02523-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 9 — 16S rRNA sequencing profiles of the gut microbiota in SPF control mice and those with CCI and ABX treatment as well as restoration of gut microbiota. A Timeline of experimental design. B α-diversity (Shannon) of the composition of microbiota. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett multiple comparison, **p < 0.01 versus SPF; ^##p < 0.01 versus ABX + CCI. C PCA analysis showing the major differences in the composition of microbiota. D Observed operational taxonomic units (OUTs) of microbiota. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison **p < 0.01 versus SPF + CCI, #p < 0.05 versus ABX + CCI. E Stacked bar-chart showing gut microbiota composition at family level. F Specific bacteria genus abundance that corelated with the restoration of pain hypersensitivity. Oral fecal microbiota gavage increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia genus (upper), Desulfovibrionaceae genus (middle), and Bacteroides genus (bottom). One-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison ^##p < 0.01 versus ABX + CCI. Number of animals: n = 6 in SPF, n = 5 in SPF + CCI, n = 5 in ABX + CCI, and n = 4 in ABX + CCI Conv