Table 1.
General characteristics of participants with different numbers of osteoporosis, obesity, and sarcopenia
| OSO/0 | OSO/1 | OSO/2 | OSO/3 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64 (61–66) | 65 (61–69) | 66 (62–72)* | 69 (63–76)*†‡ | < 0.001 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | ||||
| Men | 40 (75.47) | 98 (50) | 67 (22.95) | 28 (26.17) | |
| Women | 13 (24.53) | 98 (50)* | 225 (77.05)*† | 79 (73.83)*† | |
| Education level | 0.245 | ||||
| < College | 26 (49.06) | 109 (55.61) | 181 (61.99) | 64 (59.81) | |
| ≥ College | 27 (50.94) | 87 (44.39) | 111 (38.01) | 43 (40.19) | |
| Monthly household income | 0.026 | ||||
| < ¥5000 | 32 (60.38) | 120 (61.22) | 213 (72.95) | 76 (71.03) | |
| ≥ ¥5000 | 21 (39.62) | 76 (38.78) | 79 (27.05)† | 31 (28.97)† | |
| smoking n (%) | 0.230 | ||||
| No | 40 (75.47) | 160 (81.63) | 248 (84.93) | 93 (86.92) | |
| Yes | 13 (24.53) | 36 (18.37) | 44 (15.07) | 14 (13.08) | |
| Alcohol consumption n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 26 (49.06) | 138 (70.41) | 250 (85.62) | 101 (94.39) | |
| Yes | 27 (50.94) | 58 (29.59)* | 42 (14.38)*† | 6 (5.61)*† | |
| Hypertension n (%) | 0.630 | ||||
| No | 31 (58.49) | 98 (50.00) | 160 (54.79) | 56 (52.34) | |
| Yes | 22 (41.51) | 98 (50.00) | 132 (45.21) | 51 (47.66) | |
| Coronary heart disease n (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 42 (79.25) | 149 (76.02) | 201 (68.84) | 60 (56.07) | |
| Yes | 11 (20.75) | 47 (23.98) | 91 (31.16) | 47 (43.93)* | |
| Diabetes n (%) | 0.004 | ||||
| No | 44 (83.02) | 145 (73.98) | 245 (83.90) | 96 (89.72) | |
| Yes | 9 (16.98) | 51 (26.02) | 47 (16.10)† | 11 (10.28)† | |
| Stroke n (%) | 0.484 | ||||
| No | 28 (52.83) | 90 (45.92) | 144 (49.32) | 45 (42.06) | |
| Yes | 25 (47.17) | 106 (54.08) | 148 (50.68) | 62 (57.94) | |
| Fatty liver disease n (%) | 0.006 | ||||
| No | 21 (39.62) | 51 (26.02) | 61 (20.89) | 36 (33.64) | |
| Yes | 32 (60.38) | 145 (73.98) | 231 (79.11)* | 71 (66.36) | |
| Regular exercise n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 13 (24.53) | 88 (44.90) | 162 (55.48) | 76 (71.03) | |
| Yes | 40 (75.47) | 108 (55.10)* | 130 (44.52)* | 31 (28.97)*‡ | |
| Sunlight exposure | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 1 h/d | 5 (9.43) | 48 (24.49) | 102 (34.93) | 65 (60.75) | |
| ≥ 1 h/d | 48 (90.57) | 148 (75.51) | 190 (65.07)* | 42 (39.25)*‡ | |
| aBMDL1-L4 (g/cm2) | 1.07 (1.03–1.16) | 0.99 (0.86–1.10)* | 0.83 (0.75–0.92)*† | 0.78 (0.70–0.87)*†‡ | < 0.001 |
| aBMDtotal hip (g/cm2) | 1.03 (0.97–1.07) | 0.91 (0.82–0.99)* | 0.78 (0.69–0.86)*† | 0.73 (0.67–0.82)*†‡ | < 0.001 |
| aBMDfemoral neck (g/cm2) | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | 0.77 (0.67–0.84)* | 0.65 (0.58–0.73)*† | 0.60 (0.55–0.67)*†‡ | < 0.001 |
| ASMI (kg/m2) | 7.60 (7.11–8.22) | 6.91 (6.15–7.61)* | 6.08 (5.67–6.71)*† | 5.20 (5.05–5.39)*†‡ | < 0.001 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 31.80 (24.40–35.30) | 23.50 (17.95–31.40)* | 18.60 (15.55–22.45)*† | 16.50 (14.30–18.00)*†‡ | < 0.001 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.33 (1.23–1.43) | 1.23 (1.14–1.32)* | 1.16 (1.02–1.25)*† | 0.79 (0.75–0.89)*†‡ | < 0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 23.50 (21.20–24.60) | 29.00 (24.90–34.25)* | 35.00 (31.80–38.35)*† | 36.00 (32.30–37.90)*† | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| TG | 1.24 (0.99–1.62) | 1.59 (1.12–2.30) | 1.53 (1.11–2.21) | 1.60 (1.12–2.10) | 0.048 |
| TCH | 4.51 (4.25–5.47) | 4.90 (4.29–5.61) | 5.24 (4.50–5.90) | 5.25 (4.65–5.91) | 0.001 |
| LDL | 2.64 (2.25–3.13) | 2.81 (2.24–3.32) | 2.97 (2.38–3.56) | 3.03 (2.47–3.54) | 0.019 |
| HDL | 1.27 (1.17–1.50) | 1.23 (1.03–1.47) | 1.31 (1.13–1.58) | 1.31 (1.13–1.58) | 0.031 |
| Albumin | 46.30 (45.10–47.60) | 45.80 (44.00–47.60) | 45.60 (44.10–47.30) | 45.80 (44.10–47.40) | 0.200 |
| UA | 335.00 (272.00–374.00) | 327.50 (276.00–379.00) | 290.00 (246.50–347.50)† | 293.00 (253.00–336.00)† | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine | 82.00 (74.00–89.00) | 75.00 (63.50–83.00) | 66.00 (57.00–76.50)*† | 65.00 (56.00–75.00)*† | < 0.001 |
| BUN | 5.42 (4.56–6.58) | 5.63 (4.75–6.67) | 5.45 (4.68–6.40) | 5.38 (4.58–6.23) | 0.383 |
Categorical variables were expressed as an absolute number and percentage (%) of the total; continuous variables were expressed as frequency (percentage). Differences between groups were examined using the chi-square test (for categorical variables) or the Kruskal–Wallis test with the Bonferroni correction (for continuous variables)
Abbreviations: d Day, TG Triglycerides, TCH Total cholesterol, LDL Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, UA Uric acid, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, aBMD Bone mineral density, aBMDL1-L4 Bone mineral density at the lumbar spine 1–4
*P < 0.05 compared with the normal group
†P < 0.05 compared with the group with one disorder
‡P < 0.05 compared with the group with two disorders