Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the 2007–2016 NHANES
| Characteristic | Total | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 10,928 | 2732 | 2732 | 2732 | 2732 | |
| DII (median, IQR) | 1.43 (-0.16–2.82) | -1.24 (-2.06–0.67) | 0.69 (0.28–1.08) | 2.13 (1.79–2.48) | 3.57 (3.17–4.08) | < 0.001 |
| Age (median, IQR), years | 56.00 (47.00–65.00) | 55.00 (47.00–63.00) | 55.00 (47.00–64.00) | 56.00 (47.00–65.00) | 57.00 (48.00–66.00) | < 0.001 |
| Klotho (median, IQR), pg/ml | 805.20 (657.58–1001.12) | 815.30 (666.98–1002.60) | 803.25 (655.65–1006.35) | 802.85 (654.15–984.85) | 799.20 (651.58–1009.03) | 0.245 |
| eGFR (median, IQR) mL/min/1.73m2 | 90.80 (76.29–102.37) | 91.85 (77.83–102.52) | 91.59 (77.53–102.67) | 90.04 (75.25–102.03) | 89.61 (74.72–102.42) | < 0.001 |
| % Sex | < 0.001 | |||||
| male | 48.55% | 61.79% | 53.22% | 44.88% | 34.30% | |
| female | 51.45% | 38.21% | 46.78% | 55.12% | 65.70% | |
| % Race | < 0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 17.16% | 18.70% | 18.23% | 17.09% | 14.60% | |
| Other Hispanic | 12.20% | 11.27% | 11.79% | 12.81% | 12.92% | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 41.16% | 41.84% | 42.39% | 40.15% | 40.26% | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 20.19% | 16.00% | 18.16% | 21.23% | 25.37% | |
| Other Race | 9.30% | 12.19% | 9.44% | 8.71% | 6.84% | |
| % PIR | < 0.001 | |||||
| < 1.3 | 30.03% | 23.38% | 26.44% | 32.00% | 38.31% | |
| 1.3–3.5 | 35.98% | 31.79% | 35.96% | 37.51% | 38.67% | |
| > 3.5 | 33.99% | 44.83% | 37.59% | 30.49% | 23.01% | |
| % BMI | < 0.001 | |||||
| normal (< 25 kg/m2) | 23.42% | 26.31% | 23.58%) | 21.73% | 22.07% | |
| overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 35.28% | 37.10% | 36.25%) | 35.14% | 32.62% | |
| obesity (> = 30 kg/m2) | 41.30% | 36.59% | 40.17%) | 43.13% | 45.31% | |
| % Physical activity | < 0.001 | |||||
| less than moderate | 56.26% | 43.95% | 55.11% | 60.50% | 65.45% | |
| moderate | 8.77% | 9.50% | 8.79% | 8.87% | 7.91% | |
| vigorous | 34.98% | 46.55% | 36.09% | 30.63% | 26.65% | |
| % Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 52.68% | 54.51% | 53.11% | 51.59% | 51.50% | |
| Former | 31.05% | 34.10% | 32.50% | 30.72% | 26.89% | |
| Current | 16.27% | 11.39% | 14.39% | 17.69% | 21.61% | |
| % Alcohol intake (gm) | < 0.001 | |||||
| none | 76.21% | 68.19% | 72.40% | 78.11% | 86.13% | |
| moderate | 8.06% | 10.98% | 9.00% | 6.55% | 5.71% | |
| heavy | 15.73% | 20.83% | 18.59% | 15.34% | 8.16% | |
| CKDa | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 81.74% | 86.01% | 82.92% | 81.21% | 76.76% | |
| Yes | 18.26% | 13.99% | 17.08% | 18.79% | 23.24% |
Median (IQR) for continuous variables: P value for Mann–Whitney U test
% for Categorical variables: P value for chi-square test
DII quartile ranges: Quartile 1 = -5.18 to -0.16; Quartile 2 = -0.16 to 1.43; Quartile 3 = 1.43 to 2.82; Quartile 4: 2.82 to 5.42
DII Dietary Inflammatory Index, PIR Ratio of family income to poverty, BMI Body Mass Index
achronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) above 30 mg/g or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m.2