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. 2022 Jun 28;20:308. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01518-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Pancreatic islets-on-a-chip for disease modeling. A Pancreas-on-a-chip co-culture system for researching cystic fibrosis-related diabetes.

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [63]. B Islets and liver microtissues on-a-chip for studying type 2 diabetes mellitus. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67]. C The microfluidic multiorganoid system for the interaction of liver and islet organoids in normal and disease states. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [68]