Table 4.

Subgroup analysis for the odds of overweight/ obesity in highest versus lowest screen-user adolescents

Group	No. of studies*	OR (95% CI)	P within group	P between group *	P heterogeneity	I2, %
Total	44	1.273 1.166 1.390	< 0.001		< 0.001	82.1
Continent				< 0.001
America	11	1.115 1.002 1.241	0.046		0.083	39.9
Europe	10	1.080 0.966 1.208	0.276		0.002	66.2
Asia	11	2.014 1.450 2.798	< 0.001		< 0.001	90.9
Oceania	8	1.099 0.927 1.304	0.278		0.056	49.1
Africa	4	1.646 1.018 2.660	0.042		< 0.001	86.9
Screen type				< 0.001
TV	16	1.813 1.420 2.315	< 0.001		< 0.001	86.7
PC	3	1.467 0.950 2.265	0.509		0.159	45.7
VG	5	1.114 0.808 1.536	0.084		0.014	67.9
TV + VG	5	1.094 0.959 1.248	0.184		0.107	47.5
VG + PC	2	1.106 1.030 1.187	0.005		0.612	0
TV + VG + PC	13	1.068 0.974 1.172	0.163		0.002	60.7
Age group				< 0.001
< 15	23	1.375 1.131 1.672	0.001		< 0.001	81.9
≥ 15	6	1.470 1.076 2.008	0.016		< 0.001	82.8
Both	15	1.126 1.032 1.228	0.008		< 0.001	76.4
Setting				< 0.001
School	31	1.405 1.228 1.608	< 0.001		< 0.001	86.6
Community	13	1.109 1.040 1.182	0.002		0.229	21.2
Obesity status				< 0.001
Obesity	11	1.109 0.964 1.275	0.150		0.001	67.0
Overweight	9	1.567 1.282 1.916	< 0.001		< 0.001	84.1
Overweight/ obesity	24	1.271 1.105 1.463	0.001		< 0.001	87
Sample size				< 0.001
1000 >	11	2.024 1.303 3.144	0.002		< 0.001	90.9
1000–5000	27	1.121 1.049 1.198	0.001		< 0.001	59.9
≥ 5000	6	1.323 1.017 1.722	0.037		0.001	75.7
Study quality *				< 0.001
Low	0	–		–	–	–
Moderate	31	1.259 1.085 1.461	< 0.001		< 0.001	80.3
High	13	1.282 1.146 1.435	0.002		< 0.001	84.4
Adjusted covariates				< 0.001
Age, sex, nationality, SES	7	1.239 1.116 1.377	< 0.001		0.586	0
Age, sex, nationality, SES, other demographic variables	14	1.454 1.251 1.690	< 0.001		< 0.001	87.3
Age, sex, nationality, SES, other demographic variables, dietary habits	23	1.091 0.982 1.212	0.107		< 0.001	64.8

*low quality = 0–3; moderate quality = 4–7; high quality ≥8; all of the included studies were in moderate quality group therefore, subgrouping was not performed