Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of enrolled participants among groups of discordant/concordant LDL-C and RC
| Group 1 low LDL-C and low RC n = 1921 |
Group 2 low LDL-C and high RC n = 841 |
Group 3 high LDL-C and low RC n = 3448 |
Group 4 high LDL-C and high RC n = 1098 |
p-value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 45 ± 16 | 48 ± 14 | 52 ± 14 | 52 ± 14 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2a | 21.97 ± 3.08 | 24.36 ± 3.55 | 23.38 ± 3.31 | 25.15 ± 3.44 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 879 (45.76%) | 488 (58.03%) | 1548 (44.90%) | 563 (51.28%) | < 0.001 |
| Junior high school or above | 1149 (59.81%) | 486 (57.79%) | 1894 (54.93%) | 629 (57.29%) | 0.006 |
| Residence | 0.208 | ||||
| Urban | 583 (30.35%) | 284 (33.77%) | 1109 (32.16%) | 366 (33.33%) | |
| Rural | 1338 (69.65%) | 557 (66.23%) | 2339 (67.84%) | 732 (66.67%) | |
| Currently smoking | 631 (32.85%) | 364 (43.28%) | 1185 (34.37%) | 443 (40.35%) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 215 (11.19%) | 162 (19.26%) | 451 (13.08%) | 143 (13.02%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 138 (7.18%) | 67 (7.97%) | 467 (13.54%) | 151 (13.75%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 134 (6.98%) | 115 (13.67%) | 398 (11.54%) | 206 (18.76%) | < 0.001 |
| DM | 65 (3.38%) | 134 (15.93%) | 259 (7.51%) | 167 (15.21%) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.10 ± 0.36 | 1.90 ± 0.53 | 3.47 ± 0.72 | 3.44 ± 0.70 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.48 ± 0.37 | 1.11 ± 0.34 | 1.48 ± 0.33 | 1.21 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 0.99 ± 0.48 | 3.72 ± 2.61 | 1.30 ± 0.70 | 2.91 ± 1.29 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.86 ± 0.50 | 4.48 ± 0.89 | 5.22 ± 0.80 | 5.68 ± 0.85 | < 0.001 |
| RC, mmol/L | 0.27 (0.16–0.41) | 1.10 (0.79–1.75) | 0.27 (0.15–0.40) | 0.89 (0.72–1.16) | < 0.001 |
| Apo-B, g/L | 0.64 ± 0.13 | 0.78 ± 0.17 | 1.00 ± 0.22 | 1.16 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Apo-A, g/L | 1.14 ± 0.36 | 1.06 ± 0.45 | 1.17 ± 0.39 | 1.11 ± 0.31 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C/Apo-B | 1.33 ± 2.20 | 1.00 ± 1.42 | 1.41 ± 2.52 | 1.16 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
| Lipoprotein (a), mg/L | 64.00 (33.00-131.00) | 49.00 (23.00–97.00) | 95.00 (50.00-199.25) | 77.00 (42.00-170.00) | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid, µmol/La | 275.93 ± 81.70 | 394.00 ± 171.96 | 296.05 ± 83.72 | 358.88 ± 94.96 | < 0.001 |
| WBC count, 109/La | 6.12 ± 2.00 | 6.67 ± 2.58 | 6.25 ± 1.86 | 6.75 ± 1.82 | < 0.001 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/La | 1.00 (0.00–2.00) | 1.00 (1.00–3.00) | 1.00 (1.00–2.00) | 2.00 (1.00–3.00) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatine, µmol/La | 85.21 ± 32.50 | 86.80 ± 15.46 | 88.21 ± 17.27 | 90.13 ± 16.35 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.37 ± 0.56 | 5.65 ± 0.95 | 5.60 ± 0.73 | 5.77 ± 0.94 | < 0.001 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 4.97 ± 0.81 | 5.77 ± 1.75 | 5.29 ± 1.09 | 5.75 ± 1.71 | < 0.001 |
| Insulin, uIU/mL | 9.32 (6.69–13.03) | 12.06 (8.14–19.63) | 10.28 (7.29–14.31) | 13.72 (9.52–20.21) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IRa | 2.00 (1.39–2.90) | 2.93 (1.84–5.04) | 2.33 (1.61–3.40) | 3.30 (2.21–5.13) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-ISa | 0.50 (0.34–0.72) | 0.34 (0.20–0.54) | 0.43 (0.29–0.62) | 0.31 (0.19–0.46) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs | 99 (5.15%) | 93 (11.06%) | 312 (9.05%) | 164 (14.94%) | < 0.001 |
BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglyceride; RC remnant cholesterol, Apo-A apolipoprotein A, Apo-B apolipoprotein B, WBC white blood cell, Hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, FBG fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IS homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity
aMean ± SD, median (Q1-Q3), or n (%) was calculated after filling in missing data
†p-values by Kruskal-Wallis rank test