Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of enrolled participants according to presence or absence of DM
| RC | Non-DM n = 6683 |
DM n = 625 |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 49.36 ± 15.04 | 57.92 ± 13.36 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2a | 23.22 ± 3.38 | 25.12 ± 3.83 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 3162 (47.31%) | 316 (50.56%) | 0.120 |
| Junior high school or abovea | 3879 (58.04%) | 279 (44.64%) | < 0.001 |
| Residence | 0.950 | ||
| Urban | 2141 (32.04%) | 201 (32.16%) | |
| Rural | 4542 (67.96%) | 424 (67.84%) | |
| Currently smoking | 2380 (35.61%) | 243 (38.88%) | 0.103 |
| Alcohol consumption | 864 (12.93%) | 107 (17.12%) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension | 699 (10.46%) | 154 (24.64%) | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.91 ± 0.90 | 3.08 ± 1.17 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.40 ± 0.36 | 1.29 ± 0.37 | < 0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.63 ± 1.27 | 2.92 ± 2.68 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.80 ± 0.98 | 5.37 ± 1.14 | < 0.001 |
| RC, mmol/L | 0.35 (0.19–0.61) | 0.59 (0.32–1.20) | < 0.001 |
| Apo-A, g/L | 1.15 ± 0.39 | 1.10 ± 0.30 | 0.002 |
| Apo-B, g/L | 0.89 ± 0.26 | 1.02 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C/Apo-B | 1.32 ± 2.22 | 1.15 ± 0.28 | 0.059 |
| Lipoprotein (a), mg/L | 77.00 (40.00-165.00) | 74.00 (34.00-157.00) | 0.053 |
| Uric acid, µmol/La | 307.32 ± 99.32 | 355.87 ± 159.58 | < 0.001 |
| WBCs, 109/La | 6.29 ± 1.95 | 6.91 ± 2.40 | < 0.001 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/La | 1.00 (0.00–2.00) | 2.00 (1.00–4.00) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatine, µmol/La | 87.33 ± 21.88 | 89.83 ± 24.25 | 0.007 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.43 ± 0.45 | 7.04 ± 1.54 | < 0.001 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 5.08 ± 0.62 | 7.95 ± 2.68 | < 0.001 |
| Insulin, uIU/mL | 10.27 (7.29–14.55) | 16.13 (10.21–27.50) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IRa | 2.28 (1.58–3.34) | 5.59 (3.12–10.24) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-ISa | 0.44 (0.30–0.63) | 0.18 (0.10–0.32) | < 0.001 |
| Discordance of LDL-C and RC | < 0.001 | ||
| Low LDL-C/low RC | 1856 (27.77%) | 65 (10.40%) | |
| Low LDL-C/high RC | 707 (10.58%) | 134 (21.44%) | |
| High LDL-C/low RC | 3189 (47.72%) | 259 (41.44%) | |
| High LDL-C/high RC | 931 (13.93%) | 167 (26.72%) | |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs | 546 (8.17%) | 122 (19.52%) | < 0.001 |
DM diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglyceride, RC remnant cholesterol, Apo-A apolipoprotein A, Apo-B apolipoprotein B, WBC white blood cell, Hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, FBG fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IS homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity
aMean ± SD, median (Q1-Q3), or n (%) was calculated after filling in missing data