Predicted annual average direct medical costs and societal costs for multimorbid persons with dementia among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries in the National Health and Aging Trends Study, 2011 to 2014. The figure shows predicted annual average costs based on three weighted generalized estimating equations regressions: (1) direct medical costs; (2) societal cost model, which is the sum of the direct medical costs and informal care costs. Regressions included all 16 chronic conditions, sex, age band, education, race, urban environment, and were weighted for drop-out.* indicates a P < 0.05, ** indicates that the marginal weighted estimate was significant after adjusting for multiple testing, *** P-value < 0.01. The bars in the figure represent 95% confidence intervals for the mean costs