Table 2.
Values and Associations of BPV and Complexity With Pathology of Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors
| Variable | Absolute values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP‐CV, % | DBP‐CV, % | SBP‐complexity | DBP‐complexity | |
| Nonhypertension vs hypertension | 5.5 (5.2 to 5.8) vs 5.9 (5.5 to 6.2) | 5.4 (5.1 to 5.8) vs 5.9 (5.4 to 6.5) | 14.6 (14.4 to 14.8) vs 14.0 (13.8 to 14.2) | 14.7 (14.6 to 14.9) vs 14.0 (13.8 to 14.2) |
| Nondiabetes vs diabetes | 5.6 (5.4 to 5.8) vs 6.4 (5.6 to 7.2) | 5.5 (5.2 to 5.8) vs 7.0 (5.1 to 8.8) | 14.4 (14.3 to 14.5) vs 13.6 (13.3 to 14.0) | 14.5 (14.3 to 14.6) vs 13.7 (13.3 to 14.1) |
| Combined hypertension and diabetes | 6.5 (5.5 to 7.6) | 7.3 (4.9 to 9.6) | 13.4 (13.0 to 13.1) | 13.6 (13.1 to 14.0) |
| Regression analysis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP‐CV, % | DBP‐CV, % | SBP‐complexity | DBP‐complexity | |||||
| B (95% CI) | P value | B (95% CI) | P value | B (95% CI) | P value | B (95% CI) | P value | |
| Unadjusted | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08) | 0.67 | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.10) | 0.46 | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01)* | 0.002* | −0.05 (−0.07 to −0.03)* | <0.001* |
| Diabetes | 0.11 (−0.09 to 0.31) | 0.27 | 0.10 (−0.12 to 0.31) | 0.37 | −0.03 (−0.09 to −0.03) | 0.31 | −0.06 (−0.13 to −0.001)* | 0.048* |
| Hypertension×diabetes | −0.005 (−0.23 to 0.23) | 0.97 | −0.02 (−0.27 to 0.24) | 0.90 | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.05) | 0.55 | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.10) | 0.46 |
| Adjusted (age+sex) | ||||||||
| Hypertension | −1.24 (−1.41 to −1.07)* | <0.001* | −1.27 (−1.46 to −1.08)* | <0.001* | −2.82 (−2.87 to −2.77)* | <0.001* | −2.86 (−2.92 to −2.81)* | <0.001* |
| Diabetes | −1.08 (−1.35 to −0.81)* | <0.001* | −1.15 (−1.45 to −0.85)* | <0.001* | −2.84 (−2.92 to −2.76)* | <0.001* | −2.91 (−2.99 to −2.82)* | <0.001* |
| Hypertension×diabetes | −0.02 (−0.24 to 0.21) | 0.89 | −0.02 (−0.27 to 0.23) | 0.87 | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.05) | 0.63 | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.11) | 0.36 |
| 1+hypertension+diabetes | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.38)* | <0.001* | 1.27 (1.09 to 1.45)* | <0.001* | 2.80 (2.75 to 2.85)* | <0.001* | 2.83 (2.78 to 2.88)* | <0.001* |
| Age | 0.005 (0.003 to 0.008)* | <0.001* | 0.003 (0.001 to 0.006)* | 0.014* | −0.002 (−0.003 to −0.001)* | <0.001* | −0.002 (−0.003 to −0.001)* | <0.001* |
| Sex | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.18)* | <0.001* | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.18)* | 0.0018* | −0.04 (−0.06 to −0.02)* | <0.001* | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01)* | 0.002* |
| Adjusted (age+sex+smoking) | ||||||||
| Hypertension | −1.19 (−1.37 to −1.0)* | <0.001* | −1.24 (−1.44 to −1.04)* | <0.001* | −2.86 (−2.91 to −2.81)* | <0.001* | −2.88 (−2.94 to −2.82)* | <0.001* |
| Diabetes | −1.03 (−1.30 to −0.75)* | <0.001* | −1.12 (−1.43 to −0.82)* | <0.001* | −2.88 (−2.96 to −2.80)* | <0.001* | −2.92 (−3.01 to −2.84)* | <0.001* |
| Hypertension×diabetes | −0.007 (−0.23 to 0.22) | 0.95 | −0.02 (−0.27 to 0.23) | 0.89 | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.04) | 0.49 | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10) | 0.40 |
| 1+Hypertension+diabetes | 1.16 (0.98 to 1.33)* | <0.001* | 1.24 (1.05 to 1.44)* | <0.001* | 2.85 (2.79 to 2.90)* | <0.001* | 2.85 (2.79 to 2.91)* | <0.001* |
| Age | 0.006 (0.003 to 0.008)* | <0.001* | 0.004 (0.001 to 0.007)* | 0.01* | −0.002 (−0.003 to −0.002)* | <0.001* | −0.002 (−0.003 to −0.002)* | <0.001* |
| Sex | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.18)* | 0.0003* | 0.12 (0.04 to 0.19)* | 0.0016* | −0.04 (−0.06 to −0.02)* | <0.001* | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01)* | 0.0015* |
| Current smoking | 0.09 (−0.003 to 0.18) | 0.059 | 0.04 (−0.06 to 0.14) | 0.43 | −0.06 (−0.09 to −0.04)* | <0.001* | −0.03 (−0.06 to −0.003)* | 0.047* |
Data are presented as mean with 95% CIs. Associations were determined by general linear models with a log transformation. B (95% CI) indicates the unstandardized regression coefficients with 95% CIs; hypertension×diabetes, the interaction effects between hypertension and diabetes; 1+hypertension+diabetes, the independent term of hypertension and diabetes; adjusted (age+sex), adjusted for age and sex; and adjusted (age+sex+smoking), adjusted for age, sex, and smoking habit. BPV indicates blood pressure variability; CV, coefficient of variation; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.
*
Statistically significant.