Table 1.
Characteristics of the Cohorts and Methods Used in Studies Reporting the Development of a Clinical Prediction Model for Heart Failure Hospitalization in Type 2 Diabetes
|
Reference (Model) |
Data source | Follow‐up (y) | No.* | Country (n) | Age (mean), y | HF (%) |
CAD (%) |
Model derivation | Variables screened | Outcome | No. events |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart failure hospitalization | |||||||||||
| Willis 2021 15 | CANVAS | 3.6 | 10 142 | Multinational (30) | 63.3 | 14.4 | 56.4 | Weibull regression | 52 | HHF | 243 |
| Sharma 2020 16 | EXAMINE | 1.6 | 5154 | Multinational (49) | 61.0 | 27.9 | 100 | Cox regression | NR | HHF | 195 |
|
Berg 2019 17 (TRS‐HFDM) |
SAVOR‐TIMI 53 | 2.1 | 8212 | Multinational (26) | 65 | 12.8 | 62.4 | Cox regression | 25 | HHF | 228 |
| Kim 2019 18 | EMR | 5.0 | 81 091 | United States | 60.4 | 7.0 | 22.0 | Multi‐task learning | 45 | HHF | NR |
| Fraty 2018 19 | SURDIAGENE | 5.3 | 1438 | France | 65.0 | NR | 26.7 | Fine and Gray regression | 24 | HHF | 206 |
|
Shao 2018 20 (BRAVO) |
ACCORD | 4.7 | 10 251 | United States and Canada | 62.8 | 4.8 | 35.2 | Weibull regression | 28 | HHF or HF death | 454 |
|
Basu 2017 21 (RECODe) |
ACCORD | 4.7 | 9635 | United States and Canada | 62.8 | 4.8 | 35.2 | Cox regression | 33 | HHF or HF death | 454 |
| Wolsk 2017 22 | ELIXA | 2.2 | 5525 | Multinational (49) | 60.3 | 22.4 | 100 | Cox regression | 45 | HHF | 221 |
| Kiadaliri 2013 23 | EMR | 5.0 | 21 775 | Sweden | 56.1 | NR | NR | Weibull regression | 11 | HHF |
I: 1366 R: 947 |
| Incident heart failure hospitalization | |||||||||||
| Williams 2020 24 | EMR | 6.6 | 54 452 | United States | 60.0 | 0.0 † | 21.0 | Cox regression | 80 | New‐onset HHF | 1884 |
|
Segar 2019 25 (WATCH‐DM) |
ACCORD | 4.9 | 8756 | United States and Canada | 62.7 | 0.0 † | 35.2 | Random survival forests | 147 | New‐onset HHF or HF death | 319 |
| Halon 2017 26 | Cohort study | 8.4 | 735 | Israel | 63.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Cox regression | 39 | New‐onset HHF or cardiovascular death | 41 |
| Hippisley‐Cox 2015 27 (QDiabetes) | EMR | 15.0 | 437 806 | England | 60.0 | 0.0 † | 17.4 | Cox regression | 21 | New‐onset HHF | 274 |
| Pfister 2011 28 | PROactive | 2.9 | 5238 | Multinational (19) | 61.7 | 0.0 † | 94.7 | Cox regression | 34 | New‐onset HHF or HF death | 233 |
| Yang 2008 29 | EMR | 5.5 | 3456 | China | 57 | 0.0 † | 4.4 | Cox regression | 26 | New‐onset HHF | 274 |
ACCORD indicates Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes trial; CAD, coronary artery disease; CANVAS, Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study; DECLARE‐TIMI 58, The Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 58 trial; ELIXA, Evaluation of Lixisenatide in Acute Coronary Syndrome trial; EMR, electronic medical records; EXAMINE, Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes With Alogliptin Versus Standard of Care trial; HF, heart failure; HHF, hospitalization for heart failure; I, incident HF; NR, not reported; PROactive, Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trsial in Macrovascular Events trial; R, recurrent HF; SURDIAGENE, Survival Diabetes and Genetics cohort; and WATCH‐DM, Weight [BMI], Age, Hypertension, Creatinine, HDL‐C, Diabetes Control [fasting plasma glucose], QRS Duration, MI, and CABG) risk score.
Training data set sample size.
Excluded from training data set.