Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics by Angina Frequency at 6 Months
| Variable | Total | SAQ angina frequency, 6 mo | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=901 | Daily, 0–30, n=23 | Weekly, 40–60, n=70 | Monthly, 70–90, n=104 | None, 100, n=704 | ||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age, y | 65.7±9.9 | 63.1±13.0 | 63.9±10.4 | 66.2±10.3 | 65.8±9.7 | 0.111 |
| Sex | 0.303 | |||||
| Men | 728 (80.8%) | 20 (87.0%) | 51 (72.9%) | 82 (78.8%) | 575 (81.7%) | |
| Women | 173 (19.2%) | 3 (13.0%) | 19 (27.1%) | 22 (21.2%) | 129 (18.3%) | |
| Marital status | 0.121 | |||||
| Married | 630 (70.2%) | 15 (68.2%) | 46 (65.7%) | 62 (59.6%) | 507 (72.2%) | |
| Divorced/separated | 134 (14.9%) | 2 (9.1%) | 14 (20.0%) | 25 (24.0%) | 93 (13.2%) | |
| Widowed | 81 (9.0%) | 3 (13.6%) | 5 (7.1%) | 9 (8.7%) | 64 (9.1%) | |
| Single/other | 53 (5.9%) | 2 (9.1%) | 5 (7.1%) | 8 (7.7%) | 38 (5.4%) | |
| Missing | 3 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Living alone | 179 (20.1%) | 2 (9.1%) | 17 (24.6%) | 27 (26.2%) | 133 (19.1%) | 0.551 |
| Missing | 12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | |
| Completed high school | 807 (90.3%) | 19 (86.4%) | 62 (88.6%) | 88 (85.4%) | 638 (91.3%) | 0.124 |
| Missing | 7 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Finances at the end of the month | <0.001 | |||||
| Some money left over | 537 (60.3%) | 9 (40.9%) | 32 (47.1%) | 56 (53.8%) | 440 (63.2%) | |
| Just enough to make ends meet | 247 (27.8%) | 7 (31.8%) | 21 (30.9%) | 28 (26.9%) | 191 (27.4%) | |
| Not enough to make ends meet | 106 (11.9%) | 6 (27.3%) | 15 (22.1%) | 20 (19.2%) | 65 (9.3%) | |
| Missing | 11 | 1 | 2 | 8 | ||
| Working status | 0.002 | |||||
| No | 547 (61.0%) | 19 (86.4%) | 50 (72.5%) | 74 (71.2%) | 404 (57.5%) | |
| Yes, full time | 278 (31.0%) | 1 (4.5%) | 13 (18.8%) | 22 (21.2%) | 242 (34.5%) | |
| Yes, part time | 72 (8.0%) | 2 (9.1%) | 6 (8.7%) | 8 (7.7%) | 56 (8.0%) | |
| Missing | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Insurance coverage for medications | 853 (95.0%) | 21 (95.5%) | 65 (92.9%) | 97 (93.3%) | 670 (95.4%) | 0.347 |
| Missing | 3 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Have avoided health care because of costs | <0.001 | |||||
| Always | 25 (2.8%) | 1 (4.5%) | 5 (7.1%) | 4 (3.8%) | 15 (2.2%) | |
| Frequently | 38 (4.3%) | 1 (4.5%) | 8 (11.4%) | 3 (2.9%) | 26 (3.7%) | |
| Occasionally | 56 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (4.3%) | 7 (6.7%) | 46 (6.6%) | |
| Rarely | 80 (9.0%) | 5 (22.7%) | 15 (21.4%) | 9 (8.7%) | 51 (7.3%) | |
| Never | 694 (77.7%) | 15 (68.2%) | 39 (55.7%) | 81 (77.9%) | 559 (80.2%) | |
| Missing | 8 | 1 | 7 | |||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| BMI | 30.4±5.9 | 29.9±5.3 | 32.1±6.8 | 30.7±6.8 | 30.2±5.7 | 0.899 |
| Smoking history | 0.027 | |||||
| Current smoker | 111 (12.5%) | 2 (8.7%) | 14 (20.3%) | 15 (14.7%) | 80 (11.5%) | |
| Former smoker | 459 (51.6%) | 12 (52.2%) | 35 (50.7%) | 64 (62.7%) | 348 (50.0%) | |
| Never smoked | 320 (36.0%) | 9 (39.1%) | 20 (29.0%) | 23 (22.5%) | 268 (38.5%) | |
| Missing | 11 | 1 | 2 | 8 | ||
| Diabetes | 362 (40.2%) | 15 (65.2%) | 32 (45.7%) | 41 (39.4%) | 274 (38.9%) | 0.024 |
| Hypertension | 771 (85.6%) | 23 (100.0%) | 63 (90.0%) | 88 (84.6%) | 597 (84.8%) | 0.049 |
| Prior MI | 423 (46.9%) | 14 (60.9%) | 35 (50.0%) | 57 (54.8%) | 317 (45.0%) | 0.044 |
| Prior PCI | 594 (65.9%) | 19 (82.6%) | 47 (67.1%) | 75 (72.1%) | 453 (64.3%) | 0.059 |
| Prior CABG | 338 (37.5%) | 19 (82.6%) | 39 (55.7%) | 44 (42.3%) | 236 (33.5%) | <0.001 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 82 (9.1%) | 3 (13.0%) | 4 (5.7%) | 11 (10.6%) | 64 (9.1%) | 0.938 |
| Congestive heart failure | 194 (21.5%) | 3 (13.0%) | 17 (24.3%) | 20 (19.2%) | 154 (21.9%) | 0.626 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 112 (12.4%) | 5 (21.7%) | 6 (8.6%) | 20 (19.2%) | 81 (11.5%) | 0.264 |
| Chronic lung disease | 126 (14.0%) | 5 (21.7%) | 16 (22.9%) | 11 (10.6%) | 94 (13.4%) | 0.061 |
| No. of antianginal medications on arrival | <0.001 | |||||
| 0 | 72 (8.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 8 (7.7%) | 63 (8.9%) | |
| 1 | 342 (38.0%) | 5 (21.7%) | 16 (22.9%) | 33 (31.7%) | 288 (40.9%) | |
| 2 | 342 (38.0%) | 4 (17.4%) | 29 (41.4%) | 43 (41.3%) | 266 (37.8%) | |
| 3 | 122 (13.5%) | 9 (39.1%) | 22 (31.4%) | 16 (15.4%) | 75 (10.7%) | |
| 4 | 23 (2.6%) | 5 (21.7%) | 2 (2.9%) | 4 (3.8%) | 12 (1.7%) | |
| Ischemia on stress test | 438 (89.2%) | 9 (100.0%) | 27 (90.0%) | 61 (92.4%) | 341 (88.3%) | 0.230 |
| Missing | 410 | 14 | 40 | 38 | 318 | |
| LV ejection fraction | 51.4±13.3 | 55.1±14.6 | 51.1±12.9 | 51.7±13.0 | 51.2±13.4 | 0.242 |
| Missing | 81 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 63 | |
| CTO characteristics | ||||||
| Indication for CTO intervention | <0.001 | |||||
| Symptom relief | 659 (73.1%) | 21 (91.3%) | 64 (91.4%) | 86 (82.7%) | 488 (69.3%) | |
| Ischemia reduction | 97 (10.8%) | 1 (4.3%) | 5 (7.1%) | 9 (8.7%) | 82 (11.6%) | |
| Staged procedure | 48 (5.3%) | 1 (4.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (2.9%) | 44 (6.3%) | |
| Reduced ejection fraction | 42 (4.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 40 (5.7%) | |
| Other | 55 (6.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 4 (3.8%) | 50 (7.1%) | |
| Primary CTO vessel | 0.210 | |||||
| LAD | 182 (20.2%) | 6 (26.1%) | 9 (12.9%) | 13 (12.5%) | 154 (21.9%) | |
| LCX | 153 (17.0%) | 4 (17.4%) | 11 (15.7%) | 23 (22.1%) | 115 (16.3%) | |
| LM | 8 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | 6 (0.9%) | |
| RCA | 558 (61.9%) | 13 (56.5%) | 49 (70.0%) | 67 (64.4%) | 429 (60.9%) | |
| Multiple CTO lesions | 48 (5.3%) | 3 (13.0%) | 6 (8.6%) | 12 (11.5%) | 27 (3.8%) | <0.001 |
| Any non‐CTO lesions | 117 (13.0%) | 2 (8.7%) | 8 (11.4%) | 13 (12.5%) | 94 (13.4%) | 0.444 |
| J‐CTO score components | ||||||
| Blunt cap | 574 (63.7%) | 18 (78.3%) | 43 (61.4%) | 71 (68.3%) | 442 (62.8%) | 0.272 |
| Length >20 | 553 (61.4%) | 19 (82.6%) | 44 (62.9%) | 69 (66.3%) | 421 (59.8%) | 0.040 |
| Bending | 494 (54.8%) | 11 (47.8%) | 40 (57.1%) | 65 (62.5%) | 378 (53.7%) | 0.559 |
| Calcification | 297 (33.0%) | 11 (47.8%) | 23 (32.9%) | 35 (33.7%) | 228 (32.4%) | 0.294 |
| Retry | 182 (20.2%) | 6 (26.1%) | 12 (17.1%) | 22 (21.2%) | 142 (20.2%) | 0.930 |
| Procedural success | 745 (82.7%) | 12 (52.2%) | 53 (75.7%) | 83 (79.8%) | 597 (84.8%) | <0.001 |
| Baseline health status | ||||||
| SAQ Angina Frequency Scale score | 70.3±27.0 | 38.7±24.0 | 46.6±20.7 | 58.7±25.0 | 75.4±25.4 | <0.001 |
| SAQ Angina Frequency Scale score categories | <0.001 | |||||
| Daily, 0–30 | 104 (11.5%) | 9 (39.1%) | 20 (28.6%) | 19 (18.3%) | 56 (8.0%) | |
| Weekly, 40–60 | 266 (29.5%) | 11 (47.8%) | 37 (52.9%) | 45 (43.3%) | 173 (24.6%) | |
| Monthly, 70–90 | 275 (30.5%) | 3 (13.0%) | 12 (17.1%) | 29 (27.9%) | 231 (32.8%) | |
| None, 100 | 256 (28.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 11 (10.6%) | 244 (34.7%) | |
| SAQ Question 3: Angina frequency | <0.001 | |||||
| 4 or more times per d | 93 (10.4%) | 5 (21.7%) | 15 (21.4%) | 16 (15.4%) | 57 (8.1%) | |
| 1–3 times per d | 174 (19.4%) | 9 (39.1%) | 25 (35.7%) | 25 (24.0%) | 115 (16.4%) | |
| 3 or more times per wk | 157 (17.5%) | 7 (30.4%) | 21 (30.0%) | 30 (28.8%) | 99 (14.1%) | |
| 1–2 times per wk | 109 (12.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (11.4%) | 12 (11.5%) | 89 (12.7%) | |
| Less than once a wk | 98 (10.9%) | 1 (4.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (6.7%) | 90 (12.8%) | |
| None over the past 4 wk | 267 (29.7%) | 1 (4.3%) | 1 (1.4%) | 14 (13.5%) | 251 (35.8%) | |
| Missing | 3 | 3 | ||||
| SAQ Question 4: Nitroglycerin frequency | <0.001 | |||||
| 4 or more times per d | 18 (2.0%) | 1 (4.5%) | 2 (2.9%) | 1 (1.0%) | 14 (2.0%) | |
| 1–3 times per d | 64 (7.1%) | 5 (22.7%) | 10 (14.5%) | 12 (11.7%) | 37 (5.3%) | |
| 3 or more times per wk | 48 (5.4%) | 5 (22.7%) | 12 (17.4%) | 11 (10.7%) | 20 (2.8%) | |
| 1–2 times per wk | 55 (6.1%) | 5 (22.7%) | 9 (13.0%) | 14 (13.6%) | 27 (3.8%) | |
| Less than once a wk | 111 (12.4%) | 3 (13.6%) | 12 (17.4%) | 11 (10.7%) | 85 (12.1%) | |
| None over the past 4 wk | 600 (67.0%) | 3 (13.6%) | 24 (34.8%) | 54 (52.4%) | 519 (73.9%) | |
| Missing | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| SAQ quality‐of‐life score, baseline | 49.7±27.1 | 30.8±20.0 | 27.9±18.7 | 40.7±23.3 | 53.8±27.0 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
| SAQ physical limitation score, baseline | 65.8±26.1 | 48.3±23.8 | 49.0±23.3 | 57.9±26.3 | 69.3±25.3 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 57 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 45 | |
| SAQ summary score, baseline | 61.9±22.5 | 38.7±18.1 | 41.2±15.9 | 52.0±19.3 | 66.2±21.5 | <0.001 |
| PHQ‐8 score, baseline | 6.2±5.5 | 10.8±6.7 | 8.9±6.2 | 7.8±5.9 | 5.6±5.1 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 21 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 17 | |
| Rose Dyspnea Scale, baseline | 2.2±1.5 | 2.7±1.5 | 3.0±1.2 | 2.8±1.4 | 2.0±1.5 | 0.023 |
| Missing | 12 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 7 | |
BMI indicates body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CTO, chronic total occlusion; J‐CTO, Multicenter CTO Registry of Japan; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PHQ‐8, Patient Health Questionnaire‐8; SAQ, Seattle Angina Questionnaire; TIA, transient ischemic attack; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LCX, left circumflex coronary artery; LM, left main coronary artery; and RCA, right coronary artery.
*
Continuous variables compared using linear trend test. Categorical variables compared using Mantel‐Haenszel trend test.