Table 1.
Characteristics of the 764 Diabetes‐Free Adults in the ORIGINS Study
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) or n (%) | ≤ Median CMZ | > Median CMZ | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 31.66 (9.36) | 29.30 (7.96) | 34.03 (10.06) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | <0.0001 | |||
| Women | 541 (70.81%) | 305 (79.84%) | 236 (61.78%) | |
| Men | 223 (29.19%) | 77 (20.16%) | 146 (38.22%) | |
| Race and ethnicity | <0.0001 | |||
| Hispanic | 217 (28.40%) | 146 (38.22%) | 71 (18.59%) | |
| Non‐Hispanic White | 111 (14.53%) | 30 (7.85%) | 81 (21.20%) | |
| Black | 212 (27.75%) | 89 (23.30%) | 123 (32.20%) | |
| Other (including American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and Asian) | 218 (28.53%) | 113 (29.58%) | 105 (27.49%) | |
| Education | <0.0001 | |||
| < Bachelor’s degree | 171 (22.38%) | 52 (13.61%) | 119 (31.15%) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 365 (47.77%) | 204 (53.40%) | 161 (42.15%) | |
| > Bachelor’s degree | 204 (26.70%) | 115 (30.10%) | 89 (23.30%) | |
| Smoking status | 0.82 | |||
| Never | 630 (82.46%) | 315 (82.46%) | 315 (82.46%) | |
| Former | 43 (5.63%) | 23 (6.02%) | 20 (5.24%) | |
| Current | 49 (6.41%) | 23 (6.02%) | 26 (6.81%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.52 (5.81) | 22.91 (3.77) | 28.14 (6.29) | <0.0001 |
| Periodontal disease | <0.0001 | |||
| None/mild | 540 (70.68%) | 294 (76.96%) | 246 (64.40%) | |
| Moderate/severe | 217 (28.40%) | 87 (22.77%) | 130 (34.04%) | |
| Bacterial gene abundance summary scores | ||||
| RD pathway* | 0.033 (0.008) | 0.034 (0.008) | 0.033 (0.008) | 0.01 |
| ANR pathway* | 0.017 (0.005) | 0.017 (0.005) | 0.017 (0.005) | 0.54 |
| DNRA pathway* | 0.020 (0.005) | 0.020 (0.005) | 0.020 (0.005) | 0.37 |
| NO2 product* | 0.031 (0.006) | 0.031 (0.006) | 0.030 (0.007) | 0.02 |
| NO product* | 0.018 (0.004) | 0.018 (0.004) | 0.017 (0.005) | 0.01 |
| NH3 product* | 0.025 (0.004) | 0.025 (0.004) | 0.025 (0.004) | 0.78 |
| Ratios of nitrite generation‐to‐depletion gene abundances | ||||
| RD vs ANR ratio † | 4.18 (2.19) | 4.37 (2.35) | 4.00 (2.01) | 0.02 |
| RD vs DNRA ratio † | 3.99 (5.11) | 4.26 (5.83) | 3.72 (4.26) | 0.14 |
| RD vs ANR+DNRA ratio † | 1.65 (0.87) | 1.72 (0.89) | 1.58 (0.85) | 0.02 |
| NO2 vs NH3 ratio † | 1.66 (0.72) | 1.72 (0.74) | 1.61 (0.70) | 0.03 |
| NO vs NH3 ratio † | 0.57 (0.30) | 0.6 (0.30) | 0.55 (0.30) | 0.01 |
| NO+NO2 vs NH3 ratio † | 2.23 (0.99) | 2.32 (1.01) | 2.15 (0.96) | 0.02 |
| NO2 vs NO+NH3 ratio † | 1.02 (0.27) | 1.04 (0.27) | 1.01 (0.28) | 0.06 |
| Cardiometabolic risk biomarkers | ||||
| Insulin | 7.68 (4.62) | 5.10 (1.96) | 10.26 (5.06) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.64 (1.09) | 1.02 (0.40) | 2.26 (1.19) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1C | 5.26 (0.33) | 5.12 (0.27) | 5.40 (0.32) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose | 84.78 (8.22) | 80.70 (5.45) | 88.87 (8.48) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 72.29 (9.05) | 67.20 (6.54) | 77.39 (8.33) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 116.70 (12.28) | 110.18 (8.90) | 123.23 (11.71) | <0.0001 |
Values are presented as mean (SD) or n (%). P values are for ANOVA F statistics or χ2 tests for differences in level of covariates between participants with less than median CMZ score and more than median CMZ score. Missing values: n=6 for race and ethnicity, n=24 for education, n=42 for smoking status, n=11 for BMI, n=7 for periodontal status. ANR indicates assimilatory nitrate reduction; BMI, body mass index; CMZ, composite cardiometabolic score that averages the Z scores for the individual cardiometabolic risk variables; DNRA, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA‐IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; NH3, ammonia; NO, nitric oxide; NO2, nitrite; ORIGINS, Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance, and Insulin Resistance Study and RD, respiratory denitrification.
Arcsine square root transformed summary scores of relative gene abundance.
Ratios of nitrite generation‐to‐depletion proportions of pathway and product relative gene abundances before log‐transformation.