Table 3.

Heart Rate Cutoff and HR of Primary Outcome and All‐Cause Mortality

	Heart rate cutoff by Contal and O’Quigley Method (beats per minute)	Main dataset		Validation dataset
		Adjusted HR* (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted HR* (95% CI)	P value
Composite of stroke recurrence, myocardial infarction, and all‐cause mortality
Mean heart rate	>81	1.65 (1.45–1.89)	<0.0001	1.50 (1.31–1.73)	<0.0001
Time‐weighted average heart rate	>81	1.67 (1.46–1.91)	<0.0001	1.54 (1.34–1.77)	<0.0001
Maximum heart rate	>100	1.80 (1.57–2.06)	<0.0001	1.69 (1.46–1.95)	<0.0001
Minimum heart rate	>65	1.36 (1.20–1.54)	<0.0001	1.23 (1.08–1.40)	0.0020
All‐cause mortality
Mean heart rate	>81	1.88 (1.62–2.17)	<0.0001	1.70 (1.45–1.98)	<0.0001
Time‐weighted average heart rate	>80	1.89 (1.63–2.19)	<0.0001	1.65 (1.41–1.93)	<0.0001
Maximum heart rate	>100	2.15 (1.84–2.51)	<0.0001	1.84 (1.57–2.17)	<0.0001
Minimum heart rate	>69	1.68 (1.45–1.95)	<0.0001	1.22 (1.04–1.44)	0.0156

Predetermined covariates included age, sex, time from symptom onset to hospital arrival, initial stroke severity, history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, heart failure, previous history of stroke or transient ischemia attack, premorbid modified Rankin’s scale, current smoking, whether the patient received recanalization therapy (intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular treatment), antithrombotic (antiplatelet agents and/or anticoagulants) and statin administration at discharge, symptomatic steno‐occlusion of the intra‐ or extracranial major cerebral arteries, initial SBP, mean value of SBP between the 4th and 7th days after symptom onset, initial glucose level, and ischemic stroke subtype. HR indicates hazard ratio; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.

^*Derived from multivariable Cox‐frailty model.