Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of Sample at Baseline by Incident CVD, Cancer, and All‐Cause Mortality Status
| Incident CVD | Incident cancer | All‐cause mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Noncases (n=3936) | Cases (n=1081) | Noncases (n=5794) | Cases (n=440) | Noncases (n=6951) | Cases (n=612) |
| Follow‐up time, y, mean±SD | 6.3±2.8 | 5.1±2.3 | 6.4±2.8 | 5.1±2.3 | 6.5±2.8 | 5.6±2.4 |
| Women, n (%) | 2403 (61.1) | 593 (54.9) | 3214 (55.5) | 175 (39.8) | 3931 (56.6) | 258 (42.2) |
| Age, y, mean±SD | 67.8±6.8 | 71.1±7.2 | 69.7±7.5 | 71.4±7.4 | 69.7±7.3 | 76.2±7.7 |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||
| None | 850 (21.6) | 297 (27.5) | 1443 (24.9) | 106 (24.1) | 1688 (24.3) | 174 (28.4) |
| General Certificate of Education ordinary level | 524 (13.3) | 124 (11.5) | 728 (12.6) | 44 (10.0) | 844 (12.1) | 63 (10.3) |
| General Certificate of Education advanced level | 1775 (45.1) | 486 (45.0) | 2564 (44.3) | 213 (48.4) | 3123 (44.9) | 279 (45.6) |
| Bachelor’s degree and above | 787 (20.0) | 174 (16.1) | 1059 (18.3) | 77 (17.5) | 1296 (18.6) | 96 (15.7) |
| Social class, n (%) | ||||||
| Unemployed | 40 (1.0) | 6 (0.6) | 57 (1.0) | 2 (0.5) | 65 (0.9) | 3 (0.5) |
| Professional | 363 (9.2) | 94 (8.7) | 488 (8.4) | 42 (9.5) | 609 (8.8) | 53 (8.7) |
| Managerial/Technical | 1610 (40.9) | 426 (39.4) | 2295 (39.6) | 208 (47.3) | 2809 (40.4) | 251 (41.0) |
| Skilled nonmanual | 617 (15.7) | 172 (15.9) | 912 (15.7) | 57 (13.0) | 1059 (15.2) | 109 (17.8) |
| Skilled manual | 807 (20.5) | 230 (21.3) | 1245 (21.5) | 75 (17.0) | 1477 (21.2) | 112 (18.3) |
| Semiskilled | 424 (10.8) | 129 (11.9) | 674 (11.6) | 47 (10.7) | 786 (11.3) | 67 (10.9) |
| Nonskilled | 75 (1.9) | 24 (2.2) | 123 (2.1) | 9 (2.0) | 146 (2.1) | 17 (2.8) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Current | 203 (5.2) | 60 (5.6) | 290 (5.0) | 29 (6.6) | 356 (5.1) | 35 (5.7) |
| Former | 1612 (41.0) | 467 (43.2) | 2554 (44.1) | 208 (47.3) | 3019 (43.4) | 322 (52.6) |
| Never | 2121 (53.9) | 554 (51.2) | 2950 (50.9) | 203 (46.1) | 3576 (51.4) | 255 (41.7) |
| Alcohol intake, units/wk, median (IQR) | 4.0 (1.0–9.0) | 3.0 (0.0–8.0) | 4.0 (0.5–9.0) | 4.0 (1.0–8.0) | 4.0 (0.5–9.0) | 3.0 (0.0–8.0) |
| Baseline history of diabetes or taking diabetes medications, n (%) | 78 (2.0) | 48 (4.4) | 222 (3.8) | 33 (7.5) | 268 (3.9) | 48 (7.8) |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 426 (10.8) | 371 (34.3) | 1632 (28.2) | 161 (36.6) | 1938 (27.9) | 293 (47.9) |
| Lipid‐lowering medication, n (%) | 342 (8.7) | 199 (18.4) | 998 (17.2) | 120 (27.3) | 1206 (17.4) | 188 (30.7) |
| Antidepressant medication, n (%) | 216 (5.5) | 90 (8.3) | 379 (6.5) | 33 (7.5) | 444 (6.4) | 64 (10.5) |
| Family history of CVD (stroke, myocardial infarction), n (%) | 1732 (44.0) | 573 (53.0) | 2823 (48.7) | 231 (52.5) | 3384 (48.7) | 332 (54.2) |
| Family history of cancer, n (%) | 1527 (38.8) | 454 (42.0) | 2250 (38.8) | 177 (40.2) | 2771 (39.9) | 244 (39.9) |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 497 (12.6) | 138 (12.8) | 804 (13.9) | 55 (12.5) | 942 (13.6) | 91 (14.9) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean±SD | 26.2±4.0 | 27.0±4.1 | 26.9±4.3 | 27.3±4.0 | 26.9±4.3 | 27.0±4.3 |
| Maximum handgrip, kg, mean±SD | 30.9±10.2 | 30.4±9.9 | 30.8±10.3 | 32.0±10.1 | 30.7±10.3 | 28.7±9.6 |
| Usual walking speed, m/s, mean±SD | 1.2±0.2 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.1±0.3 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.0±0.3 |
| Chair stand speed, stands/min, mean±SD | 28.3±8.1 | 25.9±7.9 | 27.3±8.0 | 26.0±8.0 | 27.3±8.0 | 23.6±7.2 |
| Physical function, z score, mean±SD * | 0.2±0.7 | 0.0±0.7 | 0.1±0.7 | 0.0±0.7 | 0.1±0.7 | 0.0±0.7 |
| Accelerometer results † | ||||||
| Valid wear days, mean±SD | 6.6±0.6 | 6.7±0.6 | 6.6±0.6 | 6.7±0.6 | 6.6±0.6 | 6.7±0.6 |
| Valid wear time, min/d, mean±SD | 868.4±57.5 | 862.7±59.2 | 864.1±59.8 | 862.6±58.4 | 864.1±59.1 | 849.2±60.2 |
| Moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity physical activity (cpm ≥2020), min/d, median (IQR) | 20.1 (9.4–34.7) | 14.3 (6.1–27.7) | 16.6 (6.7–31.3) | 14.3 (4.7–29.5) | 16.4 (6.7–30.9) | 6.2 (1.2–17.1) |
| Light‐intensity physical activity (cpm 100–2019, h/d, mean±SD) | 4.8±1.3 | 4.6±1.3 | 4.6±1.3 | 4.4±1.3 | 4.6±1.3 | 3.9±1.4 |
| Sedentary behavior (cpm <100), h/d, mean±SD ‡ | 9.2±1.4 | 9.4±1.4 | 9.4±1.4 | 9.7±1.4 | 9.4±1.4 | 10.1±1.5 |
| Usual SB bout duration, min, median (IQR) § | 16.0 (12.6–20.7) | 17.0 (13.2–22.4) | 16.9 (13.1–22.3) | 19.0 (14.3–24.5) | 17.0 (13.1–22.3) | 20.6 (15.4–27.9) |
| Alpha, mean±SD || | 1.9±0.1 | 1.9±0.1 | 1.9±0.1 | 1.8±0.1 | 1.9±0.1 | 1.8±0.1 |
cpm indicates counts per minute; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IQR, interquartile range, and SB, sedentary behavior.
An overall z score derived from hand grip strength (kg), usual walking speed (m/sec), and a timed chair stand speed (stand/min).
Valid wear days are days with ≥10 hours of valid wear time (convention for compliant wear). Data from the Actigraph GT1M and GT3X+ accelerometers were harmonized using standard approaches to produce virtually identical results during standardized movements (ie, activity volume and intensity) and making them suitable for combined analyses. For participants who attended both the third and fourth in‐clinic assessment visits (baseline) between 2004 and 2016 and wore an accelerometer, data from their earliest visit (ie, third visit) were used as baseline.
Estimates for SB volume similar to those reported in Dempsey et al (2020), 7 differing slightly because of small differences in inclusion criteria.
Usual SB bout duration (also known as w50 or x50) is the midpoint of the cumulative distribution of SB bout durations. Half of all SB time is accumulated in bouts longer than the usual SB bout duration.
Alpha is a unitless measure ranging from 1.4 to 2.6 that characterizes the frequency distribution of SB bout durations. Higher values indicate SB accumulation patterns with relatively more short bouts (ie, more interrupted) and relatively fewer short bouts.