. 2022 May 2;11(9):e022806. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.022806

Table 4.

Stratified Analysis on the Combined Associations of PM2.5 and MVPA With Cardiovascular Disease Risk According to Subgroups of Age, Sex, Smoking, Alcohol, Body Mass Index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index

	Low PM2.5 and MVPA ≥3 times/wk	Low PM2.5 and MVPA ≤2 times/wk	High PM2.5 and MVPA ≥3 times/wk	High PM2.5 and MVPA ≤2 times/wk	P_interaction
Age, y					0.426
<60	1.00 (reference)	2.12 (1.17–3.84)^*	2.37 (1.28–4.40)^*	2.38 (1.32–4.31)^*
≥60	1.00 (reference)	1.19 (0.92–1.54)^*	1.16 (0.88–1.53)^*	1.27 (0.98–1.65)^*
Sex					0.789
Male	1.00 (reference)	1.08 (0.80–1.46)^*	1.17 (0.85–1.61)^*	1.30 (0.96–1.76)^*
Female	1.00 (reference)	1.56 (1.07–2.28)^*	1.68 (1.10–2.56)^*	1.58 (1.07–2.33)^*
Smoking					0.566
Never or past	1.00 (reference)	1.20 (0.94–1.53)^*	1.32 (1.02–1.71)^*	1.32 (1.03–1.69)
Current	1.00 (reference)	2.16 (0.93–5.00)^*	1.61 (0.63–4.10)^*	2.25 (0.96–5.26)^*
Alcohol intake					0.815
No	1.00 (reference)	1.42 (1.07–1.89)^*	1.52 (1.11–2.08)^*	1.46 (1.09–1.96)^*
Yes	1.00 (reference)	0.92 (0.60–1.42)^*	1.04 (0.68–1.60)^*	1.28 (0.85–1.93)^*
Body mass index, kg/m²					0.758
<25	1.00 (reference)	1.42 (1.07–1.89)^*	1.27 (0.92–1.75)^*	1.43 (1.07–1.91)^*
≥25	1.00 (reference)	0.96 (0.64–1.45)^*	1.41 (0.93–2.14)^*	1.27 (0.85–1.90)^*
Charlson comorbidity index					0.798
≤2	1.00 (reference)	1.59 (1.10–2.30)^*	1.50 (1.00–2.25)^*	1.57 (1.80–2.27)^*
≥3	1.00 (reference)	1.05 (0.77–1.43)^*	1.22 (0.89–1.68)^*	1.25 (0.92–1.70)^*

Adjusted hazard ratios calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression after adjustments for age, sex, household income, area of residence, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, and Charlson comorbidity index. PM2.5 range: low, 19.8–25.6 μg/m³; high, 25.8–33.8 μg/m³. MVPA determined by adding the frequency of moderate PA and vigorous PA per week, each ranging between 0–7 times per week. MVPA indicates moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity; PA, physical activity; and PM, particulate matter.

95% CI calculated after Bonferroni correction (P<0.025 for significance).