Table 1.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
| Variables |
Group 1 INOCA(−)/CMD(−) |
Group 2 INOCA(−)/CMD(+) |
Group 3 INOCA(+)/CMD(−) |
Group 4 INOCA(+)/CMD(+) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 116 (40.4%) | 90 (31.4%) | 41 (14.3%) | 40 (13.9%) | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, y | 59.7±9.4 | 63.0±10.6 | 63.0±10.5 | 62.7±9.5 | 0.059 |
| Men | 74 (63.8) | 48 (53.3) | 30 (73.2) | 32 (80.0) | 0.015 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.6±3.8 | 25.9±4.9 | 27.2±5.2 | 26.6±4.2 | 0.588 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 61.9±11.7 | 52.2±19.5 | 59.8±8.1 | 61.9±8.7 | 0.210 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||
| Hypertension | 56 (48.3) | 38 (42.2) | 25 (61.0) | 21 (53.8) | 0.222 |
| Diabetes | 21 (18.1) | 10 (11.1) | 9 (22.0) | 8 (20.0) | 0.347 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 59 (50.9) | 44 (48.9) | 29 (70.7) | 29 (72.5) | 0.011 |
| Family history of cardiovascular disease | 53 (45.7) | 50 (56.8) | 16 (40.0) | 17 (43.6) | 0.229 |
| Current smoking | 29 (25.9) | 23 (25.8) | 14 (34.1) | 8 (21.1) | 0.603 |
| Previous PCI | 14 (12.2%) | 11 (12.2%) | 11 (26.8%) | 10 (25.0%) | 0.055 |
| Baseline medications | |||||
| Antiplatelet agents | 99 (85.3) | 82 (92.1) | 36 (87.8) | 34 (85.0) | 0.447 |
| ACEI or ARBs | 29 (25.0) | 24 (27.0) | 20 (48.8) | 22 (55.0) | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker | 78 (67.2) | 59 (66.3) | 25 (61.0) | 20 (50.0) | 0.234 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 53 (45.7) | 41 (46.1) | 15 (36.6) | 17 (42.5) | 0.744 |
| Nitrates | 50 (43.1) | 36 (40.4) | 19 (46.3) | 13 (32.5) | 0.596 |
| Discharge medications | |||||
| Aspirin | 51 (79.7) | 41 (87.2) | 15 (83.3) | 16 (100.0) | 0.219 |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | 10 (22.2) | 4 (10.8) | 2 (18.2) | 6 (40.0) | 0.126 |
| ACEI or ARBs | 19 (29.7) | 13 (27.7) | 11 (61.1) | 6 (37.5) | 0.061 |
| Beta blocker | 41 (64.1) | 31 (66.0) | 12 (66.7) | 11 (68.8) | 0.985 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 21 (32.8) | 15 (31.9) | 4 (22.2) | 6 (37.5) | 0.793 |
| Nitrates | 15 (23.4) | 11 (23.4) | 5 (27.8) | 3 (18.8) | 0.959 |
| Statin | 38 (59.4) | 30 (63.8) | 12 (66.7) | 11 (68.8) | 0.873 |
Data are expressed as number (%) or mean±SD. ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CMD, coronary microvascular disease; INOCA, ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries; and PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.