. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2022 May 2;212(Pt C):113367. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113367

Table 3.

Associations between lipid-corrected serum concentrations of PCBs and papillary thyroid cancer overall and by tumor size

	Overall			Stratified by Tumor size						P for interaction

	Cases/Controls=742 pairs			≤10 mm ^† Cases/Controls=235 pairs			>10 mm ^† Cases/Controls=462

	Crude OR	ORf	95% CI	Crude OR	OR	95% CI	Crude OR	OR	95% CI

PCB28^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.993
>LOD - 1.90	0.89	0.80	(0.54, 1.19)	0.94	0.80	(0.40, 1.58)	0.93	0.81	(0.49, 1.33)
1.91 – 3.89	1.32	1.26	(0.89, 1.80)	1.47	1.31	(0.70, 2.44)	1.26	1.15	(0.74, 1.79)
3.90 – 66.74	1.15	1.10	(0.76, 1.59)	1.26	1.09	(0.57, 2.07)	1.20	1.12	(0.70, 1.79)
P for trend^☨			0.636			0.634			0.625
PCB74^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.992
>LOD - 2.47	1.07	1.03	(0.77, 1.39)	1.12	1.11	(0.64, 1.94)	1.10	1.02	(0.71, 1.49)
2.48 – 4.20	1.20	1.16	(0.87, 1.54)	1.20	1.11	(0.66, 1.86)	1.24	1.16	(0.81, 1.66)
4.21 – 24.00	1.50	1.48	(1.12, 1.96)	1.34	1.27	(0.78, 2.06)	1.72	1.63	(1.13, 2.35)
P for trend^☨			0.020			0.348			0.020
PCB99
<LOD - 1.48	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.992
1.49 – 2.46	1.19	1.17	(0.87, 1.58)	1.13	1.03	(0.58, 1.83)	1.28	1.24	(0.85, 1.81)
2.47 – 4.34	1.25	1.22	(0.91, 1.64)	1.04	0.97	(0.56, 1.68)	1.34	1.25	(0.86, 1.82)
4.35 – 40.79	1.37	1.37	(1.02, 1.84)	1.25	1.15	(0.68, 1.95)	1.49	1.49	(1.02, 2.17)
P for trend^☨			0.049			0.522			0.043
PCB105^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.981
>LOD - 1.16	0.88	0.85	(0.60, 1.21)	0.93	0.92	(0.50, 1.69)	1.87	0.80	(0.52, 1.23)
1.17 – 1.89	1.47	1.42	(1.05, 1.92)	0.97	0.86	(0.51, 1.44)	1.89	1.79	(1.21, 2.63)
1.90 – 9.68	1.32	1.36	(0.99, 1.86)	1.46	1.43	(0.84, 2.46)	1.34	1.34	(0.89, 2.02)
P for trend^☨			0.036			0.391			0.034
PCB118
<LOD - 2.42	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.989
2.43 – 4.10	1.56	1.54	(1.14, 2.09)	1.65	1.56	(0.87, 2.80)	1.51	1.47	(1.00, 2.17)
4.11 – 6.60	1.32	1.28	(0.94, 1.75)	1.34	1.28	(0.73, 2.27)	1.25	1.17	(0.78, 1.73)
6.61 – 43.68	1.70	1.71	(1.27, 2.31)	1.74	1.64	(0.93, 2.86)	1.72	1.70	(1.15, 2.50)
P for trend^☨			0.010			0.176			0.034
PCB138/158
<LOD - 5.45	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.991
5.46 – 9.64	1.16	1.15	(0.85, 1.55)	1.34	1.19	(0.67, 2.13)	1.11	1.11	(0.76, 1.61)
9.65 – 16.22	1.13	1.12	(0.83, 1.51)	1.19	1.10	(0.61, 1.97)	1.08	1.04	(0.71, 1.51)
16.23 – 176.30	1.23	1.22	(0.91, 1.64)	1.24	1.12	(0.65, 1.94)	1.26	1.26	(0.86, 1.83)
P for trend^☨			0.313			0.877			0.251
PCB146^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.993
>LOD - 1.71	1.05	1.01	(0.76, 1.35)	1.17	1.20	(0.70, 2.06)	1.05	1.00	(0.70, 1.43)
1.72 – 3.05	0.97	0.92	(0.69, 1.23)	1.04	0.95	(0.55, 1.63)	0.91	0.86	(0.60, 1.23)
3.06 – 29.0	1.16	1.18	(0.89, 1.56)	1.14	1.20	(0.74, 1.94)	1.21	1.22	(0.84, 1.78)
P for trend^☨			0.418			0.660			0.490
PCB153
<LOD - 9.09	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		>0.99
9.10 – 15.78	0.98	0.97	(0.72, 1.30)	1.09	0.98	(0.55, 1.73)	0.96	0.95	(0.66, 1.39)
15.79 – 26.93	1.15	1.12	(0.84, 1.50)	1.17	1.13	(0.65, 1.97)	1.07	1.01	(0.70, 1.40)
26.94 – 234.40	1.12	1.13	(0.85, 1.52)	1.00	0.98	(0.57, 1.69)	1.19	1.19	(0.82, 1.74)
P for trend^☨			0.337			0.949			0.302
PCB156^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.990
>LOD - 1.98	1.10	1.02	(0.76, 1.36)	1.06	0.98	> (0.57, 1.70)	1.27	1.14	(0.79, 1.64)
1.99 – 3.67	1.01	0.99	(0.74, 1.31)	1.08	1.01	(0.60, 1.72)	1.01	0.97	(0.68, 1.39)
3.68 – 50.3	1.25	1.21	(0.92, 1.61)	1.17	1.16	(0.71, 1.92)	1.36	1.29	(0.90, 1.85)
P for trend^☨			0.206			0.595			0.232
PCB157^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		>0.99
>LOD - 1.12	1.05	1.00	(0.65, 1.53)	0.79	0.76	(0.38, 1.54)	1.21	1.09	(0.61, 1.92)
1.13 – 1.69	1.33	1.29	(0.87, 1.91)	1.13	1.09	(0.58, 2.05)	1.48	1.46	(0.86, 2.48)
1.70 – 10.31	1.09	1.07	(0.70, 1.64)	0.89	0.92	(0.46, 1.85)	1.20	1.14	(0.65, 2.00)
P for trend^☨			0.347			0.798			0.274
PCB167^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		>0.99
>LOD - 1.12	0.91	0.89	(0.59, 1.36)	0.67	0.65	(0.32, 1.32)	1.07	1.12	(0.64, 1.96)
1.12 – 1.63	1.17	1.19	(0.80, 1.77)	0.85	0.86	(0.44, 1.67)	1.44	1.52	(0.91, 2.54)
1.64 – 7.43	1.33	1.32	(0.90, 1.93)	1.02	1.01	(0.54, 1.87)	1.59	1.57	(0.94, 2.64)
P for trend^☨			0.150			0.783			0.032
PCB170
<LOD - 2.28	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.99
2.29 – 4.20	0.96	0.96	(0.71, 1.28)	1.04	0.99	(0.56, 1.74)	0.96	0.98	(0.68, 1.43)
4.21 – 7.53	1.02	1.02	(0.76, 1.36)	1.31	1.29	(0.75, 2.22)	0.90	0.92	(0.63, 1.33)
7.54 – 55.16	1.07	1.07	(0.80, 1.43)	0.93	0.94	(0.55, 1.59)	1.16	1.17	(0.80, 1.71)
P for trend^☨			0.808			0.183			0.329
PCB178^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		>0.99
>LOD - 1.25	0.73	0.72	(0.50, 1.04)	0.66	0.71	(0.36, 1.41)	0.77	0.74	(0.47, 1.17)
1.26 – 2.18	1.35	1.29	(0.94, 1.77)	1.23	1.15	(0.65, 2.01)	1.41	1.35	(0.91, 2.02)
2.19 – 13.23	0.93	0.91	(0.65, 1.29)	0.82	0.85	(0.48, 1.53)	0.98	0.93	(0.59, 1.47)
P for trend^☨			0.576			>0.99			0.599
PCB180
<LOD - 6.08	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.988
6.09 – 11.10	0.91	0.91	(0.68, 1.23)	1.04	1.04	(0.59, 1.84)	0.85	0.88	(0.61, 1.27)
11.11 – 20.20	0.99	0.98	(0.74, 1.32)	1.41	1.36	(0.79, 2.35)	0.85	0.86	(0.59, 1.25)
20.21 – 153.90	1.02	1.02	(0.76, 1.37)	0.88	0.90	(0.53, 1.53)	1.08	1.09	(0.75, 1.59)
P for trend^☨			0.656			0.702			0.519
PCB183^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.989
>LOD - 1.56	0.97	0.92	(0.68, 1.24)	1.11	1.07	(0.62, 1.86)	0.88	0.83	(0.57, 1.21)
1.57 – 2.86	1.12	1.09	(0.83, 1.44)	1.37	1.33	(0.80, 2.22)	1.04	1.01	(0.72, 1.43)
2.87 – 19.4	1.02	0.99	(0.74, 1.33)	0.82	0.83	> (0.50, 1.36)	1.17	1.12	(0.76, 1.60)
P for trend^☨			0.804			0.772			0.540
PCB187
<LOD - 1.57	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.983
1.58– 2.46	1.00	0.99	(0.74, 1.33)	0.74	0.71	(0.40, 1.27)	1.15	1.13	(0.78, 1.64)
3.47 – 6.11	0.97	0.95	(0.71, 1.28) ^	1.13	1.08	(0.62, 1.89)	0.88	0.87	(0.60, 1.26)
6.12 – 77.57	1.02	1.01	(0.75, 1.36)	1.02	1.02	(0.59, 1.76)	1.01	0.98	(0.67, 1.43)
P for trend^☨			0.952			0.655			0.624
PCB194^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.987
>LOD - 2.27	1.02	1.00	(0.74, 1.34)	1.50	1.41	(0.79, 2.50)	0.98	0.96	(0.66, 1.38)
2.28 – 4.69	1.04	1.03	(0.77, 1.37)	1.44	1.36	(0.80, 2.32)	0.98	0.99	(0.68, 1.43)
4.70 – 35.55	0.93	0.92	(0.69, 1.24)	0.79	0.79	(0.46, 1.34)	1.05	1.03	(0.70, 1.51)
P for trend^☨			0.768			0.344			0.847
PCB196/203
<LOD - 1.30	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.987
1.30 – 2.78	1.06	1.01	(0.76, 1.35)	1.11	1.09	(0.59, 2.03)	1.19	1.17	(0.79, 1.76)
2.78 – 4.98	0.98	0.90	(0.67, 1.20)	1.35	1.36	(0.77, 2.42)	0.89	0.87	(0.59, 1.28)
4.98 – 45.0	1.06	0.95	(0.71, 1.27)	0.95	0.97	(0.56, 1.70)	1.21	1.19	(0.80, 1.76)
P for trend^☨			0.604			0.593			0.821
PCB199^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.988
>LOD - 2.39	1.08	1.03	(0.71, 1.37)	1.06	0.99	(0.56, 1.74)	1.29	1.19	(0.83, 1.72)
2.40 – 4.74	1.04	1.03	(0.72, 1.52)	1.16	1.07	(0.63, 1.84)	1.06	1.06	(0.73, 1.52)
4.75 – 60.87	1.11	1.09	(0.68, 1.95)	0.91	0.89	(0.53, 1.52)	1.31	1.25	(0.86, 1.81)
P for trend^☨			0.605			0.671			0.414
PCB206^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		0.993
>LOD - 3.00	1.19	1.23	(0.90, 1.68)	1.16	1.09	(0.63, 1.86)	1.23	1.28	(0.85, 1.91)
3.01 – 4.17	0.94	0.93	(0.67, 1.28)	0.71	0.74	(0.42, 1.31)	1.00	0.99	(0.66, 1.50)
4.18 – 30.89	1.26	1.26	(0.92, 1.72)	0.95	0.98	(0.58, 1.65)	1.53	1.55	(1.03, 2.34)
P for trend^☨			0.195			0.658			0.064
PCB209^**
<LOD	1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		1.00	1.00		>0.99
>LOD - 1.27	0.85	0.82	(0.57, 1.17)	1.27	1.23	(0.65, 2.33)	0.70	0.70	(0.44, 1.10)
1.28 – 1.98	0.84	0.81	(0.57, 1.16)	0.68	0.65	(0.36, 1.19)	0.91	0.86	(0.54, 1.37)
1.99 – 15.58	1.13	1.08	(0.77, 1.52)	1.02	1.09	(0.61, 1.96)	1.17	1.09	(0.71, 1.69)
P for trend^☨			0.936			0.840			0.861

^**

PCBs have >25% undetectable values, using <LOD as reference group

^†

Conditional logistic regression, adjusted for BMI and military branch

^☨

Trend test: estimated by treating median values of PCBs categories as continuous variables