Table 2.
Association Between Statin Exposure and Hospitalization for COVID‐19
|
Hospitalization N=9396 |
Unadjusted model* | Fully adjusted model † | IPTW further adjusted model ‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Statin exposure | |||||||
| No | 5024 (0.24) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 4372 (0.21) | 0.87 (0.83–0.90) | <0.0001 | 0.84 (0.81–0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.84 (0.80–0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Type of statin | |||||||
| No exposure | 5024 (0.24) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Atorvastatin | 1944 (0.23) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.0152 | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | 0.0006 | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) | 0.0002 |
| Fluvastatin | 92 (0.17) | 0.74 (0.56–0.97) | 0.0293 | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.0401 | 0.71 (0.53–0.95) | 0.0212 |
| Pravastatin | 730 (0.19) | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0.0027 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.0006 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.0012 |
| Rosuvastatin | 794 (0.21) | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | <0.0001 | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | <0.0001 |
| Simvastatin | 812 (0.20) | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | <0.0001 | 0.78 (0.71–0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Statin intensity | |||||||
| No exposure | 5024 (0.24) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Low | 778 (0.18) | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | <0.0001 | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | <0.0001 | 0.78 (0.71–0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate | 3231 (0.22) | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | <0.0001 | 0.84 (0.80–0.89) | <0.0001 | 0.83 (0.79–0.88) | <0.0001 |
| High | 363 (0.28) | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) | 0.1957 | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.9090 | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 0.6193 |
| Statin intensity and its type | |||||||
| No exposure | 5024 (0.24) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Low | |||||||
| Fluvastatin 20/40 | 58 (0.17) | 0.75 (0.54–1.06) | 0.1031 | 0.77 (0.54–1.08) | 0.1331 | 0.74 (0.51–1.06) | 0.0973 |
| Pravastatin 10/20 | 537 (0.19) | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | 0.0015 | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.0005 | 0.81 (0.72–0.92) | 0.0007 |
| Moderate | |||||||
| Simvastatin 10 | 183 (0.17) | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | 0.0006 | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | 0.0008 | 0.72 (0.59–0.89) | 0.0018 |
| Atorvastatin 10/20 | 1638 (0.23) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.0026 | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | 0.0002 | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | <0.0001 |
| Fluvastatin 80 | 34 (0.16) | 0.72 (0.46–1.12) | 0.1454 | 0.72 (0.46–1.14) | 0.1599 | 0.67 (0.42–1.09) | 0.1048 |
| Pravastatin 40 | 193 (0.22) | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 0.6144 | 0.92 (0.75–1.13) | 0.4427 | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) | 0.5806 |
| Rosuvastatin 5/10 | 737 (0.20) | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) | <0.0001 | 0.78 (0.71–0.87) | <0.0001 | 0.78 (0.71–0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Simvastatin 20/40 | 629 (0.21) | 0.83 (0.75–0.93) | 0.0007 | 0.82 (0.73–0.91) | 0.0003 | 0.81 (0.72–0.90) | 0.0001 |
| High | |||||||
| Atorvastatin 40/80 | 306 (0.28) | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 0.3426 | 0.99 (0.84–1.18) | 0.9442 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 0.8238 |
| Rosuvastatin 20 | 57 (0.28) | 1.24 (0.84–1.83) | 0.2793 | 1.11 (0.74–1.65) | 0.6174 | 1.18 (0.78–1.80) | 0.4359 |
HR indicates hazard ratio.
*
Conditional Cox proportional hazards model.
†
Conditional Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for the following covariates: social deprivation index; smoking‐, alcohol‐, and obesity‐related conditions; liver failure; and concomitant medications (NSAID, low‐dose aspirin, antiplatelet agent, heparin, anticoagulant, oral corticosteroid, anxiolytic, hypnotic, antidepressant, antipsychotic).
‡
Conditional Cox proportional hazards model with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and further adjustment with the same variables as those in the full adjusted model.