Table 3.
Association Between Statin Exposure and In‐Hospital Death for COVID‐19
|
Death N=1648 |
Unadjusted model* | Fully adjusted model † | IPTW further adjusted model ‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Statin exposure | |||||||
| No exposure | 914 (0.044) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Statin exposure | 734 (0.036) | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | <0.0001 | 0.76 (0.68–0.85) | <0.0001 |
| Type of statin | |||||||
| No exposure | 914 (0.044) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Atorvastatin | 329 (0.040) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.3375 | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) | 0.0849 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.0280 |
| Fluvastatin | 22 (0.040) | 0.88 (0.50–1.56) | 0.6619 | 0.84 (0.46–1.54) | 0.5755 | 0.88 (0.47–1.65) | 0.6970 |
| Pravastatin | 118 (0.031) | 0.70 (0.55–0.88) | 0.0027 | 0.68 (0.53–0.87) | 0.0023 | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) | 0.0014 |
| Rosuvastatinv | 126 (0.033) | 0.71 (0.57–0.89) | 0.0035 | 0.69 (0.54‐0.88) | 0.0023 | 0.72 (0.56–0.92) | 0.0084 |
| Simvastatin | 139 (0.034) | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 0.0048 | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | 0.0142 | 0.75 (0.59–0.96) | 0.0212 |
| Statin intensity | |||||||
| No exposure | 914 (0.044) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Low | 142 (0.033) | 0.76 (0.61–0.94) | 0.0134 | 0.76 (0.60–0.96) | 0.0190 | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) | 0.0116 |
| Moderate | 527 (0.035) | 0.78 (0.70–0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.75 (0.66–0.86) | <0.0001 | 0.75 (0.66–0.85) | <0.0001 |
| High | 65 (0.050) | 1.18 (0.83–1.69) | 0.3619 | 1.06 (0.72–1.55) | 0.7586 | 1.00 (0.66–1.51) | 0.9977 |
| Statin intensity and its type | |||||||
| No exposure | 914 (0.044) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Fluvastatin 20/40 | 14 (0.040) | 0.74 (0.37–1.47) | 0.3859 | 0.76 (0.37–1.55) | 0.4461 | 0.82 (0.39–1.72) | 0.6016 |
| Pravastatin 10/20 | 91 (0.032) | 0.69 (0.53–0.91) | 0.0076 | 0.68 (0.52–0.91) | 0.0078 | 0.66 (0.50–0.88) | 0.0041 |
| Simvastatin 10 | 37 (0.034) | 1.00 (0.63–1.58) | 1.0000 | 1.04 (0.65–1.69) | 0.8569 | 1.01 (0.62–1.64) | 0.9769 |
| Atorvastatin 10/20 | 273 (0.038) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.1149 | 0.83 (0.70–0.99) | 0.0368 | 0.80 (0.67–0.96) | 0.0169 |
| Fluvastatin 80 | 8 (0.038) | 1.33 (0.46–3.84) | 0.5943 | 1.10 (0.37–3.31) | 0.8655 | 1.08 (0.33–3.55) | 0.9052 |
| Pravastatin 40 | 27 (0.031) | 0.70 (0.43–1.16) | 0.1680 | 0.67 (0.39–1.13) | 0.1351 | 0.67 (0.38–1.17) | 0.1628 |
| Rosuvastatin 5/10 | 117 (0.032) | 0.71 (0.56–0.90) | 0.0045 | 0.68 (0.53–0.87) | 0.0025 | 0.71 (0.55–0.91) | 0.0072 |
| Simvastatin 20/40 | 102 (0.033) | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) | 0.0014 | 0.67 (0.52–0.88) | 0.0038 | 0.68 (0.52–0.91) | 0.0079 |
| Atorvastatin 40/80 | 56 (0.051) | 1.30 (0.88–1.94) | 0.1927 | 1.13 (0.74–1.73) | 0.5633 | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | 0.9380 |
| Rosuvastatin 20 | 9 (0.044) | 0.75 (0.32–1.78) | 0.5141 | 0.79 (0.32–1.94) | 0.6052 | 0.93 (0.37–2.34) | 0.8697 |
HR indicates hazard ratio.
*
Conditional Cox proportional hazards model.
†
Conditional Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for the following covariates: social deprivation index; smoking‐, alcohol‐, and obesity‐related conditions; liver failure; and concomitant medications (NSAID, low‐dose aspirin, antiplatelet agent, heparin, anticoagulant, oral corticosteroid, anxiolytic, hypnotic, antidepressant, antipsychotic).
‡
Conditional Cox proportional hazards model with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and further adjustment with the same variables as those in the full adjusted model.