Table 4.
Association Between Statin Exposure and COVID‐19 Outcomes: Subgroup Analyses
| Hospitalization among nonusers n=5024 | Hospitalization among statin users n=4372 | Fully adjusted model* | Death among nonusers n=914 | Death among statin users n=734 | Fully adjusted model* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| Age categories, y | ||||||||
| 40–59 | 882/395 018 (0.22) | 805/395 018 (0.20) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.0494 | 62/395 018 (0.016) | 42/395 018 (0.011) | 0.64 (0.39–1.05) | 0.0746 |
| 60–69 | 1437/683 378 (0.21) | 1237/683 378 (0.18) | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | 0.0001 | 193/683 378 (0.028) | 129/683 378 (0.019) | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | 0.0107 |
| 70–79 | 1499/660 264 (0.23) | 1329/660 264 (0.20) | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) | <0.0001 | 268/660 264 (0.041) | 242/660 264 (0.037) | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) | 0.1625 |
| ≥80 | 1206/319 589 (0.38) | 1001/319 589 (0.31) | 0.79 (0.72–0.86) | <0.0001 | 391/319 589 (0.122) | 321/319,589 (0.100) | 0.75 (0.63–0.89) | 0.0011 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Men | 2,841/958,989 (0.30) | 2,414/958,989 (0.25) | 0.82 (0.77–0.87) | <0.0001 | 567/958,989 (0.059) | 454/958,989 (0.047) | 0.77 (0.67–0.89) | 0.0003 |
| Women | 2,183/1,099,260 (0.20) | 1,958/1,099,260 (0.18) | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | <0.0001 | 347/1,099,260 (0.032) | 280/1,099,260 (0.025) | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) | 0.0034 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 3,249/1,198,186 (0.27) | 2,853/1,198,186 (0.24) | 0.84 (0.80–0.89) | <0.0001 | 614/1,198,186 (0.051) | 471/1,198 186 (0.039) | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 1775/860 063 (0.21) | 1519/860 063 (0.18) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | <0.0001 | 300/860 063 (0.035) | 263/860 063 (0.031) | 0.85 (0.71–1.03) | 0.0985 |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 2522/1 364 924 (0.18) | 2152/1 364 924 (0.16) | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) | <0.0001 | 416/1 364 924 (0.030) | 343/1 364 924 (0.025) | 0.79 (0.67–0.92) | 0.0034 |
| Yes | 2502/693 325 (0.36) | 2220/693 325 (0.32) | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | <0.0001 | 498/693 325 (0.072) | 391/693 325 (0.056) | 0.77 (0.66–0.90) | 0.0007 |
| Chronic respiratory condition | ||||||||
| No | 4279/1 872 316 (0.23) | 3746/1 872 316 (0.20) | 0.84 (0.80–0.88) | <0.0001 | 765/1 872 316 (0.041) | 620/1 872 316 (0.033) | 0.77 (0.69–0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 745/185 933 (0.40) | 626/185 933 (0.34) | 0.83 (0.74–.94) | 0.0024 | 149/185 933 (0.080) | 114/185 933 (0.061) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 0.0754 |
HR indicates hazard ratio.
*
Conditional Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for the following covariates: social deprivation index; smoking‐, alcohol‐, and obesity‐related conditions; liver failure; and concomitant medications (NSAID, low‐dose aspirin, antiplatelet agent, heparin, anticoagulant, oral corticosteroid, anxiolytic, hypnotic, antidepressant, antipsychotic).