FIG 4.

Sex hormone metabolites are associated with menopause-related gut microbiome species and functions. (a) Least-squares means of inverse normal-transformed metabolite abundance in premenopausal (n = 154) and postmenopausal women (n = 192), adjusting for age, Hispanic/Latino background, U.S. nativity, AHEI2010, field center, hormonal contraceptive use, antibiotics use in last 6 months, Bristol stool scale, cigarette use, alcohol use, education, income, physical activity, and BMI. A total of 28 metabolites (17 androgenic, 7 pregnenolone, and 4 progestin) were tested; shown here are those significantly different between pre- and postmenopausal women in multivariable regression (P < 0.05). (b and c) Partial Spearman’s correlation matrix (age-adjusted) for species, modules, and estrobolome orthologs versus metabolites in premenopausal women (b) and postmenopausal women (c). Only menopause-related metabolites, menopause-related species and modules, and a priori estrobolome orthologs were included in the matrices. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.