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. 2022 Jun 28;11:195. doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00885-7

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 15 — a Variable focal length via microelectromechanical systems. Reproduced with permission¹³⁰. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. b Continuous tuning of the focal length by stretching elastomeric materials. Reproduced with permission¹³⁵. Copyright 2018, The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. c Doublet metalens offering dual-step zoom switched by the linear polarization state of the incident light. Reproduced with permission¹³⁶. Copyright 2019, Optical Society of America. d Singlet metalens with dual focal lengths switched by the circular polarization state of the incident light. Reproduced with permission¹³⁸. Copyright 2019, Optical Society of America. e Dual-step zoom based on phase transformation of optical change material. Reproduced with permission¹⁴⁶. Copyright 2019, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. f Varifocal metalens based on tunable birefringent liquid crystals. Reproduced with permission¹⁴⁸. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society