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. 2022 Jun 28;11:195. doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00885-7

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2023

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Fig. 4 — Panels a–d show the aberrations generated by waves passing through conventional spherical lenses: a the spherical aberration is generated with the non-spherical wavefront of normal incidence; b the coma is generated with the non-spherical wavefront of oblique incidence; c the filed curvature occurs when the incident angle-dependent focal spots form a curve plane; d astigmatism occurs when the transmitted wavefronts for the meridian beam and sagittal beam correspond to different focal lengths, respectively. Panels e–h show aberration-free focusing by metalenses that provide ideal spherical wavefronts: e spherical aberration-free focusing; f coma-free focusing; g focusing without field curvature; h astigmatism-free focusing. The parallelly normal (oblique) incidence is from an on (off)-axis object at an infinite distance. The dash lines in orange represent the wavefront of light after transmitting the focusing lenses (which could be metalenses and also the conventional counterparts). Insets are the corresponding focal spots