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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Sleep Res. 2021 Dec 29;31(4):e13543. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13543

Table 3:

Longitudinal Changes and Baseline Effects of the Dietary Inflammatory Index on Various Sleep Parameters

Sleep Metric βChange (SE) p-value
βChange 		βBase (SE) p-value
βBase 		p-value
βChange vs. βBase
Time-in-Bed (hours) −0.00 (0.03) 0.91 0.01 (0.02) 0.56 0.57
Night Sleep Duration (hours) −0.03 (0.03) 0.34 −0.04 (0.03) 0.19 0.84
Sleep Efficiency (%) −0.16 (0.34) 0.23 −0.32 (0.21) 0.12 0.52
WASO (min) 1.36 (0.74) 0.07 1.14 (0.66) 0.08 0.54
Sleep Latency (min) −0.18 (0.13) 0.16 −0.02 (0.09) 0.83 0.21
Sleep Fragmentation 0.03 (0.05) 0.54 0.08 (0.04) 0.06 0.35
PSQI Global Sleep Score −0.22 (0.07) <0.01 −0.08 (0.07) 0.22 0.11

P-value βChange represents the p-value for the longitudinal change in DII score beta coefficient. P-value βBase represents the p-value for the baseline DII beta coefficient. P-value βChange vs. βBase represents the p-value for the contrast between βBase and βChange. The change in DII was defined as the baseline DII minus the value at later time points. Adjustments: TIB – race, education, sex, sleep medications, average day shift hours per week, and CESD; Night Sleep Duration – race, sleep medication, BMI, systolic blood pressure, average day shift hours per week, and CESD; Sleep Efficiency – race, tobacco use, BMI, systolic blood pressure, years of employment as a police officer, number of career cumulative shift changes, average day shift hours per week; WASO – tobacco use, BMI, systolic blood pressure, years of employment as a police officer, waist circumference, average number of alcoholic drinks per week, number of career cumulative shift changes, and average day shift hours per week; Sleep Latency – rank, BMI, years of employment as a police officer, average day shift hours per week; Sleep Fragmentation – race, tobacco use, BMI, systolic blood pressure, number of career cumulative shift changes, and average day shift hours per week; Global PSQI Score - years of employment as a police officer, CESD, Impact of Events Scale, and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Abbreviations: DII – Dietary Inflammatory Index; SE – standard error; WASO – wake-after-sleep-onset; PSQI – Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CESD – Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; BMI – body mass index.