Table 4.
Differences in child function and characteristics by number of current psychiatric disorders.
| Child Function and Characteristics | Number of psychiatric disorders | p of chi-square test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 n=446 |
1 n=104 |
2 n=64 |
≥ 3 n=55 |
|||
| Column Percents n (%) | ||||||
| Repeated a grade | Yes | 70 (16) | 17 (17) | 20 (32) | 13 (25) | 0.02 |
| No | 362 (84) | 84 (83) | 43 (68) | 40 (75) | ||
| Has had an IEP | Yes | 197 (46) | 63 (62) | 49 (78) | 35 (66) | < 0.001* |
| No | 233 (54) | 38 (38) | 14 (22) | 18 (34) | ||
| WASI Vocabulary IQ z score at age 15 | < −2 | 24 (6) | 7 (7) | 6 (10) | 3 (6) | 0.540 |
| −2 to −1 | 46 (11) | 15 (15) | 10 (16) | 8 (17) | ||
| −1 to 1 | 256 (60) | 53 (54) | 36 (59) | 24 (50) | ||
| 1+ | 98 (23) | 23 (24) | 9 (15) | 13 (27) | ||
| WASI Matrix Reasoning: Nonverbal IQ z score | < −2 | 30 (7) | 7 (7) | 11 (18) | 11 (22) | 0.001* |
| −2 to −1 | 59 (14) | 13 (13) | 14 (23) | 9 (18) | ||
| −1 to 1 | 268 (63) | 68 (69) | 31 (52) | 26 (51) | ||
| 1+ | 66 (16) | 11 (11) | 4 (7) | 5 (10) | ||
| Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) | 19–27 Severe |
2 (<1) | 6 (6) | 2 (3) | 9 (17) | <0.001* |
| 10–18 Moderate |
21 (5) | 26 (26) | 17 (27) | 19 (36) | ||
| 3–9 Mild |
77 (18) | 26 (26) | 29 (47) | 19 (36) | ||
| None (0–2) | 331 (77) | 41 (41) | 14 (23) | 6 (11) | ||
| Number of psychotropic medications | 0 | 397 (89) | 66 (63) | 32 (50) | 26 (47) | <0.001* |
| 1 | 34 (8) | 28 (27) | 23 (36) | 12 (22) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 15 (3) | 10 (10) | 9 (14) | 17 (31) | ||
| Family History of mental health disorders in first degree relatives | Yes | 227 (51) | 54 (52) | 37 (59) | 39 (71) | < 0.01 |
| No | 221 (49) | 49 (48) | 27 (42) | 16 (29) | ||
| Maternal Characteristics at Birth | ||||||
| Age, years | <21 | 44 (10) | 19 (18) | 8 (13) | 9 (16) | 0.203 |
| 21–35 | 301 (67) | 62 (60) | 46 (72) | 35 (64) | ||
| >35 | 101 (23) | 23 (22) | 10 (16) | 11 (20) | ||
| Education, years | ≤12 | 135 (31) | 50 (50) | 27 (44) | 28 (51) | <0.001* |
| 13–15 | 102 (24) | 19 (19) | 19 (29) | 12 (22) | ||
| 16+ | 197 (45) | 30 (30) | 17 (27) | 15 (27) | ||
| Single marital status | Yes | 136 (30) | 48 (46) | 26 (41) | 24 (44) | 0.006 |
| No | 310 (70) | 56 (54) | 38 (59) | 31 (56) | ||
| Public insurance | Yes | 120 (27) | 44 (44) | 27 (42) | 29 (53) | <0.001* |
| No | 318 (73) | 57 (56) | 37 (58) | 26 (47) | ||
| Race | White | 309 (70) | 63 (61) | 36 (56) | 37 (67) | 0.22 |
| Black | 93 (21) | 28 (27) | 20 (31) | 15 (27) | ||
| Other | 42 (9) | 13 (13) | 8 (13) | 3 (6) | ||
| Hispanic | Yes | 41 (9) | 7 (7) | 10 (16) | 4 (7) | 0.249 |
| No | 403 (91) | 97 (93) | 54 (84) | 51 (93) | ||
| Newborn Characteristics at Birth | ||||||
| Sex | Female | 217 (49) | 48 (46) | 27 (42) | 34 (62) | 0.161 |
| Male | 229 (51) | 56 (54) | 37 (58) | 21 (38) | ||
| Gestational Age, weeks | 23–24 | 94 (21) | 16 (15) | 16 (25) | 15 (27) | 0.200 |
| 25–26 | 209 (47) | 46 (44) | 33 (52) | 20 (36) | ||
| 27 | 143 (32) | 42 (40) | 15 (23) | 20 (36) | ||
| Birth Weight Z-Scores |
<−2 | 22 (5) | 6 (6) | 7 (11) | 7 (13) | 0.210 |
| < −1 | 58 (13) | 15 (14) | 6 (9) | 6 (11) | ||
| ≥−1 | 366 (82) | 83 (80) | 51 (80) | 42 (76) | ||
Note: IEP= Individualized Education Program; IQ= Intelligence Quotient; WASI= Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
*
Significant after Bonferroni correction