Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to glucose metabolism status and admission blood glucose levels.
| Variable | Diabetes (n=2820) | Pre-diabetes (n=2011) | Normal glucose regulation (n=2061) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABG≥9.0mmol/L (n=1681) | ABG<9.0 mmol/L (n=1139) | P value | ABG≥7.2 mmol/L (n=748) | ABG<7.2 mmol/L (n=1263) | P value | ABG≥6.2 mmol/L (n=1006) | ABG<6.2 mmol/L (n=1055) | P value | |
| Age (year) | 62.9 ± 12.0 | 63.9 ± 11.5 | 0.025 | 63.5 ± 12.5 | 62.8 ± 11.9 | 0.204 | 61.4 ± 13.1 | 59.2 ± 12.9 | 0.0001 |
| Male | 1174 (69.8) | 860 (75.5) | 0.0009 | 538 (71.9) | 1010 (80.0) | <0.0001 | 767 (76.2) | 890 (84.4) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 24.8 ± 3.3 | 0.033 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 24.2 ± 3.2 | 0.425 | 24.0 ± 3.1 | 24.0 ± 3.0 | 0.913 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 635 (37.8) | 477 (41.9) | 0.029 | 338 (45.2) | 644 (51.0) | 0.012 | 504 (50.1) | 573 (54.3) | 0.056 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1015 (60.4) | 745 (65.4) | 0.007 | 422 (56.4) | 638 (50.5) | 0.010 | 510 (50.7) | 498 (47.2) | 0.113 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 229 (13.6) | 148 (13.0) | 0.630 | 100 (13.4) | 154 (12.2) | 0.445 | 73 (7.3) | 73 (6.9) | 0.766 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 141 (8.4) | 116 (10.2) | 0.106 | 59 (7.9) | 98 (7.8) | 0.917 | 44 (4.4) | 52 (4.9) | 0.550 |
| Family history of premature CAD, n (%) | 79 (4.7) | 50 (4.4) | 0.699 | 25 (3.3) | 45 (3.6) | 0.794 | 50 (5.0) | 39 (3.7) | 0.155 |
| Previous PCI, n (%) | 78 (4.6) | 66 (5.8) | 0.174 | 39 (5.2) | 59 (4.7) | 0.587 | 28 (2.8) | 29 (2.7) | 0.962 |
| Previous CABG, n (%) | 14 (0.8) | 8 (0.7) | 0.698 | 3 (0.4) | 6 (0.5) | 1.000 | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.3) | 0.625 |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 152 (9.0) | 117 (10.3) | 0.277 | 55 (7.4) | 92 (7.3) | 0.954 | 88 (8.7) | 80 (7.6) | 0.334 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 20 (1.2) | 8 (0.7) | 0.191 | 1 (0.1) | 8 (0.6) | 0.167 | 10 (1.0) | 7 (0.7) | 0.406 |
| Previous heart failure, n (%) | 46 (2.7) | 36 (3.2) | 0.512 | 19 (2.5) | 20 (1.6) | 0.139 | 19 (1.9) | 10 (0.9) | 0.070 |
| CKD in treatment, n (%) | 34 (2.0) | 26 (2.3) | 0.640 | 6 (0.8) | 12 (1.0) | 0.732 | 12 (1.2) | 6 (0.6) | 0.125 |
| COPD, n (%) | 23 (1.4) | 25 (2.2) | 0.099 | 17 (2.3) | 29 (2.3) | 0.973 | 23 (2.3) | 20 (1.9) | 0.535 |
| STEMI, n (%) | 1213 (72.2) | 756 (66.4) | 0.471 | 586 (78.3) | 910 (72.1) | 0.002 | 798 (79.3) | 750 (71.1) | <0.0001 |
| Anterior MI, n (%) | 930 (55.3) | 621 (54.5) | 0.526 | 420 (56.5) | 713 (57.3) | 0.707 | 585 (58.9) | 588 (56.3) | 0.248 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 82 ± 19 | 77 ± 16 | <0.0001 | 79 ± 20 | 75 ± 15 | <0.0001 | 77 ± 18 | 76 ± 16 | 0.125 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131 ± 25 | 132 ± 24 | 0.632 | 127 ± 26 | 129 ± 24 | 0.172 | 127 ± 25 | 128 ± 23 | 0.523 |
| LVEF (%) | 52.6 ± 10.2 | 53.7 ± 10.0 | 0.004 | 53.0 ± 10.5 | 54.0 ± 10.7 | 0.041 | 54.0 ± 10.1 | 55.4 ± 10.7 | 0.002 |
| Killip class II/III/IV, n (%) | 490 (29.1) | 267 (23.4) | 0.001 | 201 (26.9) | 260 (20.6) | 0.001 | 243 (24.2) | 166 (15.7) | <0.0001 |
| Primary PCI, n (%) | 594 (35.3) | 313 (27.5) | <0.0001 | 326 (43.6) | 409 (32.4) | <0.0001 | 384 (38.2) | 303 (28.7) | <0.0001 |
| Coronary angiography during hospitalization, n (%) | 1034 (61.5) | 717 (62.9) | 0.439 | 477 (63.8) | 842 (66.7%) | 0.187 | 629 (62.5) | 697 (66.1) | 0.093 |
| Laboratory data | |||||||||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.64 (1.16-2.43) | 1.55 (1.11-2.17) | <0.0001 | 1.32 (0.96-1.84) | 1.37 (1.00-1.96) | 0.179 | 1.25 (0.87-1.84) | 1.35 (0.96-1.90) | 0.031 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.66 (3.95-5.46) | 4.41 (3.74-5.12) | <0.0001 | 4.61 (3.90-5.38) | 4.43 (3.80-5.21) | 0.087 | 4.50 (3.87-5.26) | 4.31 (3.70-5.01) | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.78 (2.19-3.40) | 2.58 (2.09-3.21) | 0.0003 | 2.80 (2.19-3.43) | 2.74 (2.16-3.33) | 0.311 | 2.62 (2.11-3.31) | 2.58 (2.08-3.13) | 0.013 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.02 (0.85-1.21) | 1.00 (0.84-1.20) | 0.222 | 1.09 (0.91-1.28) | 1.03 (0.88-1.23) | 0.003 | 1.10 (0.94-1.31) | 1.03 (0.88-1.21) | <0.0001 |
| Admission glucose (mmol/L) | 12.78 (10.80-15.60) | 7.00 (6.03-7.97) | <0.0001 | 8.46 (7.70-9.79) | 5.83 (5.20-6.50) | <0.0001 | 7.30 (6.70-8.40) | 5.30 (4.80-5.70) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.30 (7.20-9.80) | 7.60 (6.80-9.20) | <0.0001 | 6.00 (5.80-6.20) | 5.90 (5.80-6.10) | <0.0001 | 5.40 (5.10-5.50) | 5.30 (5.10-5.50) | 0.357 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 75.0 (61.4-92.0) | 75.8 (63.0-93.0) | 0.498 | 79.1 (63.5-97.0) | 76.0 (64.4-90.8) | 0.166 | 74.0 (61.8-89.0) | 73.5 (62.3-88.0) | 0.336 |
| White blood cell (109/L) | 9.80 (7.86-12.58) | 8.92 (7.18-11.05) | <0.0001 | 10.60 (8.15-13.04) | 9.22 (7.31-11.70) | <0.0001 | 10.10 (8.00-12.31) | 8.75 (6.90-11.30) | <0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 138 (124-150) | 135 (121-147) | 0.0006 | 138 (124-150) | 138 (124-149) | 0.679 | 138 (126-151) | 141 (128-153) | 0.214 |
| Medications at discharge | |||||||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 1482 (88.2) | 1050 (92.2) | 0.0001 | 686 (91.7) | 1204 (95.3) | 0.001 | 922 (91.7) | 993 (94.1) | 0.029 |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 1438 (85.5) | 1012 (88.8) | 0.010 | 662 (88.5) | 1160 (91.8) | 0.014 | 881 (87.6) | 941 (89.2) | 0.251 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 1027 (61.1) | 731 (64.2) | 0.097 | 494 (66.0) | 818 (64.8) | 0.561 | 609 (60.5) | 625 (59.2) | 0.549 |
| β-blockers, n (%) | 1152 (68.5) | 812 (71.3) | 0.117 | 562 (75.1) | 911 (71.1) | 0.140 | 736 (73.2) | 737 (69.9) | 0.097 |
| Statins, n (%) | 1470 (87.4) | 1028 (90.3) | 0.020 | 678 (90.6) | 1183 (93.7) | 0.014 | 903 (89.8) | 957 (90.7) | 0.468 |
| In hospital death, n (%) | 102 (6.1) | 37 (3.2) | 0.0005 | 44 (5.9) | 18 (1.4) | <0.0001 | 45 (4.5) | 22 (2.1) | 0.002 |
ABG, admission blood glucose; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.