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. 2022 Jun 15;10:904539. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.904539

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Copyright © 2022 Liebsch and Wilke.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Moment-angle diagram modified after Wilke et al. (1998), illustrating the quasi-static outcome parameters evaluated in this review. The range of motion (ROM) characterizes the angular displacement under defined loading in one motion direction or within one motion plane, neutral zone (NZ) describes the angular displacement at a relatively low loading in one motion direction or within one motion plane and is a measure of laxity; neutral zone stiffness (NZS) is defined as moment to angle ratio in the neutral zone and characterizes the lax deformation, and elastic zone stiffness (EZS) is defined as moment to angle ratio in the elastic zone measured from the end of the neutral zone to the point of maximum loading and describes the elastic deformation, whereas stiffness, in general, is a measure of mechanical resistance. The positive and negative stiffness parameters were averaged in this review, respectively.