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. 2022 Feb 9;5(3):197–206. doi: 10.1002/ame2.12214

TABLE 1.

Animal models of PH‐LHD

Method Strengths Limitations Time RVSP/mPAP Species
Aortic banding (AoB)

Simple;

reproducible;

commonly used;

simulates HFpEF;

low cost

Sudden initial afterload increased predisposition to left heart failure and death;

difficult to induce severe RV failure;

PH due to aortic stenosis is uncommon in human patients

25 d 34 , 36 ;

6 wk 41 , 85 ;

7 wk 39 ;

9 wk 33 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 86 ; 4 months 87

RVP (cmH2O)

≈35 34 ;

RVSP (mmHg)

≈36 36 ;

≈40 39 ;

mPAP (mmHg)

≈24 41 ;

≈16 33 ;

≈30 35 ;

≈33 37 ;

≈42 38 ;

≈18 86 ;

≈32 87 ;

≈22. 85

Rat 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 85 , 86 ;

kitten 87

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC)

Especially for mice;

simulates HFpEF;

low cost

Sudden initial afterload increased predisposition to left heart failure and death;

infrequent;

PH due to aortic stenosis is uncommon in human patients

6 wk 5 ;

8 wk 46 , 47

RVSP (mmHg)

≈35 5 , 46 ;

≈40. 47

Mouse 5 , 46 , 47
Descending aorta implanted by stent

Large animal;

simulates HFpEF

Operative difficulties;

high cost;

long time

 5 months 43

RVSP (mmHg)

51. 43

Swine 43
Left atrial stenosis

Less complicated;

low cost;

mimics PH‐LHD caused by mitral valve lesions

Surgery bleeding;

difficult to estimate LA pressure

 10 wk 52

RVSP (mmHg)

41. 52

Rat 52 , 53
Pulmonary vein banding

Large animal;

simulation of congenital pulmonary vein stenosis;

low mortality rate;

reproducible

Complicated;

high cost

10 wk 88 ;

3 months 50

mPAP (mmHg)

≈40, 88

≈33. 50

Swine 50 , 88 , 89 , 90
Ligation of left coronary artery

Mimics HFrEF‐PH;

low cost;

simple

 Difficult to control the area of infarcts (size of pathological infarction only sufficient to develop HFrEF‐PH)

2 wk 91 , 92 ;

4 wk 57 , 58 , 62 , 63 ;

5 wk 60 ;

8 wk 92 ;

17 d 64

RVSP (mmHg)

≈50 60 , 62 , 91 , 92 ;

≈52 58 ;

≈40 60 , 63 ;

≈25. 64

Rat 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 91 , 92 ;

mouse 60 , 62 , 63 ;

swine 64

High‐fat diets (HFD)

Simple;

mimics HFpEF‐PH

 Long time

20 wk 65 , 66 ;

16 wk 71

RVSP (mmHg)

≈40 65 ;

≈32. 71

Mouse 65 , 66 , 71
Combined metabolic syndrome and pressure overload‐induced PH‐LHD

Mimics EFpHF‐PH;

closer to clinical patients with PH‐LHD;

double hit

Complicated phenotype;

high cost

 9 wk 68

mPAP (mmHg)

≈30. 68

Rat 68
Combined metabolic syndrome and SU5416‐induced PH‐LHD

Mimic EFpHF‐PH;

double hit;

closer to clinical patients with PH‐LHD

Complicated phenotype;

high cost

 14 wk 71 , 93

RVSP (mmHg)

≈40. 71 , 93

Rat 71 , 93