FIGURE 3.

Prophylactic immunomodulation to enhance OV efficacy. Tumor-bearing Balb/c mice (n = 4/group) were pre-treated intraperitoneally with different immunomodulators (vertical dotted lines) prior to intravenous OV administration (vertical dashed line) [(A), created using BioRender] in an effort to alter the immune microenvironment for enhanced efficacy and tolerability. Tumor volume (B) and body weight (C) were measured prior to killing 24 h post OV treatment. Dissociated cell populations from spleen (D) and tumor (E) samples were analyzed by flow cytometry for pro-inflammatory (CD14⁺/CD16⁺) or immunosuppressive markers (CD14⁺/CD163⁺). Lymphocytes harvested from blood samples were positively selected for CD4⁺ (F) and CD8⁺ (G) T-cell markers. T-cell analysis from cell populations within spleen and tumor samples was also quantified (H). Data are shown as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test where ∗ = p < 0.05, ∗∗ = p< 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ = p< 0.0001 versus PBS no tumor.