Summary of pretreatment and detoxification techniques applied to lignocellulosic materials for ABE fermentation^a.

	Pretreatment and/hydrolysis	Detoxification	Organism	Fermentation conditions	ABE, g L−1	Butanol, g L−1	Ref
Rice straw	Acid hydrolysis + shear stress	Filtering with a sterile cotton cloth	C. acetobutylicum NCIM233	Batch fermentation in 2 L bioreactor	20.56	13.5	162
Corn cob	NaOH + enzymatic hydrolysis	NA	C. saccharobutylicum DSM 13864	Batch fermentation	19.44	12.27	163
Corn straw	Acid pre-impregnated steam explosion (APSE) pretreatment	Concentrating with Rotavapor; and then lime-treated hydrolysate with Ca(OH)2	C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824	Batch fermentation	0.31 g g−1 sugar	0.18 g g−1 sugar	164
Switchgrass	Alkali + enzyme	NA	C. saccharobutylicum DSM13864	Batch fermentation	22.7	13	165
Switchgrass	Thermal hydrolysis pretreatment	Without detoxification process	C. beijerinckii ATCC 51743	Batch fermentations	18.5	NA	166
Wheat straw	Biological treatment	NA	Coculture of C. beijerinckii 10132 with C. cellulovorans 35296	Batch fermentation	23.30	14.20	167
Wheat straw	Ammonium sulfite pretreatment	NA	C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824	Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation	19.83	12.64	168
Barley straw hydrolysate	Mechanical + acidic pretreatment	Overliming method	C. beijerinckii P260	Fermentation with product removal by gas stripping	47.20	30.86	169
Mango peel waste	Mechanical + enzyme hydrolysis	NA	C. acetobutylicum NCIM 2878	Batch fermentation	15.13	10.50	170
Apple peel waste	Mechanical	NA	C. acetobutylicum DSM 792	Batch fermentation	20.00	14.00	171
Apple pomace	Acid pretreatment + enzymatic hydrolysis	NA	C. beijerinckii P260	Batch fermentation	10.8	5.6	19
Sago waste	Acid hydrolysis + enzyme hydrolysis	NA	Clostridium bifermentans and Bacillus coagulans	Batch fermentation	9.01	3.36	172
Wheat red dog	Enzymatic digests	NA	C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052	Batch fermentation	20.0	15.0	173
Spent sulfite liquor (SSL)	NA	Coupling nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and ion exchange	C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824	Submerged fermentation	21.09	12.96	174
Cellulosic material	NA	NA	White-rot fungus Phlebia sp. MG-60-P2 and C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum	Anaerobic co-culture in consolidated bioprocessing	NA	3.2	133
Sugarcane straw	Microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment + acid hydrolysis	NA	C. beijerinkii NBRC 109359	Batch fermentation	18.7	NA	63
Industrial vinegar residue	Steam explosion pretreatment + enzymatic hydrolysis	NA	C. acetobutylicum	Batch fermentation	12.59	7.98	175
Food waste	Liquefied and saccharified	NA	C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum	Continuous immobilized-cell fermentation system at dilution rate of 0.1 h−1	19.65	NA	176
Yellow top (Physaria fendleri)	Dilute acid + enzymatic hydrolysis	NA	C. beijerinckii P260	Batch fermentation	28.8	NA	177
Banana crop residue	Dilute alkali and acid + enzymatic saccharification	NA	C. beijerinckii	Batch fermentation	20.5	14.0	178
Sugarcane bagasse	Hemicellulosic hydrolysate	Without detoxification process	C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum	Batch fermentation	7.11	5.85	179
Hardwood hemicelluloses	Hydrolysate + enzyme	Coagulation–flocculation + inhibitors removal with bacteria	C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824	Batch fermentation	11.8	6.8	75
Paper pulp	Enzymatic hydrolysis	NA	C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum ATCC 13564	Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with in situ butanol recovery	NA	19.2–22.0	158

^aNA, data not available.