Table 1.
Baseline characteristics after multiple imputation and one-to-one propensity score matching.
| Before one-to-one propensity score matching |
After one-to-one propensity score matching |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors, mean±standard deviation or % (n) | All patients (N = 33166) | SGLT2i (N = 30,539) | GLP1RA (N = 2627) | SMD | All patients (N = 5102) | SGLT2i (N = 2551) | GLP1RA (N = 2551) | SMD† |
| Socio-demographics | ||||||||
| Sex | 0·086 | 0·000 | ||||||
| Male | 59·9% | 60·3% | 56·0% | 56·0% | 56·0% | 56·0% | ||
| Female | 40·1% | 39·7% | 44·0% | 44·0% | 44·0% | 44·0% | ||
| Age, year | 61·4±11·3 | 61·8±11·1 | 56·0±12·2 | 0·499 | 56·2±12·8 | 56·3±13·3 | 56·0±12·3 | 0·020 |
| Clinical factors | ||||||||
| HbA1c, % | 8·6±1·5 | 8·6±1·5 | 8·9±1·7 | 0·212 | 8·9±1·6 | 8·8±1·6 | 8·9±1·7 | 0·042 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 70·7±16·9 | 70·4±16·7 | 74·1±18·4 | 73·5±18·0 | 73·1±17·7 | 73·9±18·3 | ||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 9·2±3·2 | 9·2±3·1 | 9·6±3·6 | 0·119 | 9·5±3·5 | 9·5±3·4 | 9·5±3·6 | 0·024 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 137·3±25·4 | 137·2±24·0 | 138·0±26·0 | 0·042 | 137·9±25·6 | 137·8±23·3 | 137·9±24·6 | 0·002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77·8±15·3 | 77·7±14·6 | 79·0±15·0 | 0·113 | 79·0±15·0 | 79·1±13·7 | 79·0±15·1 | 0·005 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 2·1±0·8 | 2·1±0·8 | 2·2±0·8 | 0·155 | 2·2±0·8 | 2·2±0·8 | 2·2±0·8 | 0·030 |
| Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio | 3·7±1·2 | 3·7±1·2 | 4·0±1·2 | 0·230 | 4·0±1·3 | 4·0±1·4 | 4·0±1·2 | 0·012 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1·8±1·4 | 1·8±1·4 | 2·1±1·4 | 0·198 | 2·0±1·5 | 2·0±1·7 | 2·1±1·4 | 0·013 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27·8±5·6 | 27·6±5·9 | 30·4±6·7 | 0·604 | 30·0±7·4 | 29·7±6·8 | 30·4±6·7 | 0·133 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1·73m2 | 79·4±21·5 | 79·7±20·6 | 76·6±29·4 | 0·123 | 78·0±28·3 | 78·2±28·1 | 77·9±28·6 | 0·012 |
| ≥60 | 80·4% | 81·4% | 69·0% | 0·472 | 71·2% | 71·5% | 70·9% | 0·026 |
| 45-59 | 12·5% | 12·7% | 9·8% | 10·2% | 10·3% | 10·1% | ||
| 30-44 | 5·6% | 4·9% | 14·2% | 13·6% | 13·4% | 13·8% | ||
| 15-29 | 1·4% | 0·9% | 7·0% | 5·0% | 4·7% | 5·2% | ||
| eGFR slope in pre-index period, mL/min/1·73m2/year (mean±standard error) | -2·3±0·4 | -2·4±0·4 | -1·9±0·3 | -2·4±0·3 | -2·5±0·4 | -2·3±0·2 | ||
| Rapid decline in eGFR by 3 mL/min/1·73m2/year | 34·9% | 34·6% | 38·4% | 0·079 | 37·8% | 37·7% | 37·8% | 0·001 |
| Rapid decline in eGFR by 5 mL/min/1·73m2/year | 30·4% | 30·1% | 33·7% | 0·077 | 33·4% | 33·4% | 33·3% | 0·002 |
| Duration of diabetes, year | 13·3±8·6 | 13·3±8·6 | 14·0±9·0 | 0·088 | 13·9±9·0 | 13·8±9·0 | 14·0±9·0 | 0·018 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 4·5±1·8 | 4·6±1·8 | 3·9±1·8 | 0·407 | 3·9±1·9 | 3·9±2·0 | 3·9±1·8 | 0·039 |
| Albuminuria | 0·364 | 0·017 | ||||||
| Normal | 54·1% | 55·1% | 42·5% | 44·1% | 44·9% | 43·4% | ||
| Microalbuminuria | 32·5% | 32·3% | 34·3% | 34·4% | 34·0% | 34·8% | ||
| Macroalbuminuria | 13·4% | 12·6% | 23·2% | 21·5% | 21·1% | 21·9% | ||
| Use of anti-diabetic medications (6 months prior to baseline) | ||||||||
| Insulin | 41·6% | 38·9% | 72·2% | 0·711 | 69·7% | 68·1% | 71·4% | 0·073 |
| Metformin | 88·5% | 89·1% | 81·4% | 0·216 | 82·9% | 82·9% | 82·9% | 0·001 |
| Sulfonylurea | 62·4% | 63·9% | 45·1% | 0·384 | 46·2% | 46·5% | 45·8% | 0·014 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 19·5% | 19·2% | 23·1% | 0·096 | 22·5% | 22·0% | 22·9% | 0·021 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | 48·6% | 49·4% | 40·4% | 0·181 | 40·7% | 41·1% | 40·4% | 0·014 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 1·9% | 1·9% | 2·1% | 0·017 | 2·0% | 2·0% | 2·0% | 0·000 |
| Use of anti-hypertensive medications (6 months prior to baseline) | ||||||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin receptor blockers | 71·4% | 71·0% | 76·1% | 0·115 | 75·1% | 74·4% | 75·9% | 0·034 |
| Beta blocker | 43·4% | 43·6% | 40·9% | 0·055 | 40·2% | 40·2% | 40·3% | 0·001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 51·4% | 50·7% | 58·4% | 0·153 | 56·6% | 55·7% | 57·5% | 0·036 |
| Diuretics | 19·6% | 19·3% | 22·8% | 0·084 | 22·3% | 22·7% | 22·0% | 0·017 |
| Others anti-hypertensive drugs | 7·6% | 7·3% | 10·9% | 0·126 | 10·6% | 10·7% | 10·5% | 0·009 |
| Use of lipid-lowering agents (6 months prior to baseline) | 81·7% | 82·0% | 78·2% | 0·096 | 78·0% | 78·2% | 77·9% | 0·009 |
| Type of SGLT2i used in the first prescription | ||||||||
| Canagliflozin | NA | 0·3% (84) | NA | NA | NA | 0·4% | NA | NA |
| Dapagliflozin | 33·4% (10,193) | 36·5% | ||||||
| Empagliflozin | 66·2% (20,216) | 63·2% | ||||||
| Ertugliflozin | 0·0% (6) | 0·0% | ||||||
| Type of GLP1RA used in the first prescription | ||||||||
| Exenatide | NA | NA | 18·7% (492) | NA | NA | NA | 18·9% | NA |
| Liraglutide | 46·4% (1220) | 47·1% | ||||||
| Lixisenatide | 4·2% (111) | 4·4% | ||||||
| Dulaglutide | 30·6% (804) | 29·7% | ||||||
Abbreviations: eGFR = Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c = Hemoglobin A1c; NA = Not applicable; SMD = Standardized mean difference.
†
Standardized mean difference ≤0·1 indicates sufficient balance after matching.