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. 2022 Jun 6;18(1):183–188. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.344840

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Copyright: © Neural Regeneration Research

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Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which ICA regulates GLUTs and brain insulin signaling to ameliorate memory impairment in AD.

Aβ: Amyloid-beta protein; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; G-tau: the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on tau; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog.