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. 2022 Apr 25;18(1):31–37. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.340406

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Estrogen and X-linked genes contribute to autophagy in the brain.

Estradiol (pink boxes) upregulates the expression of several autophagy-related genes (ATGs) and induces the activation of different proteins that are involved in phagophore formation, autophagosome maturation, and lysosomal activity. Similarly, several genes located in the X-chromosome (green boxes) encode proteins that participate in autophagy progression. Atg: Autophagy-related gene; Atp6ap2: ATPase H⁺ transporting accessory protein 2; Ctsd: cathepsin D; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2; Hdac6: histone deacetylase 6; Lamp2: lysosomal associated membrane protein-2; Map1lc3b: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 B; Rab39: Ras-related protein Rab-39; Sqstm1/p62: Sequestosome 1; Tfeb: transcription factor EB; Wdr45: WD40 repeat protein interacting with phosphoinositides 4.