Table 1.

Different protein complexes in each autophagy stage contribute to the progression of autophagy

Autophagy stage	Protein complex/system	Core autophagy proteins
Initiation complex	ULK1 complex	ULK1, ATG13, ATG17, ATG101, FIP200
Phagophore formation	Class III PI3K complex	PIK3R4, PIK3C3, Beclin1, ATG14, AMBRA1
Autophagosome formation and maturation	ATG12 conjugation system	ATG12, ATG5, ATG16L1, ATG10
	LC3 conjugation system	LC3, ATG4B, ATG3, ATG7

AMBRA1: Activating molecule in Beclin 1-regulated autophagy; ATG: autophagyrelated gene; FIP200: focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kDa; LC3: microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; ULK1: Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.