TABLE 1—

Increasing and Enhancing the Effects of Interventions Aiming to Reduce HIV Stigma and Intersecting Stigmas in Implementation Settings

Recommendation	Principle(s)	Example(s)
Prioritize community ownership, engagement, and connectedness, which are critical for successful stigma reduction intervention implementation.	Communities need to be equal partners. Researchers must recognize and value the unique and complementary skill sets and expertise that partnerships promote.	Develop memorandums of agreement emphasizing equitable sharing of budget resources, decision-making authority, and capacity building. Employ nontraditional, community-driven, participatory methodologies (e.g., human-centered design, digital storytelling). Collaborate with researchers in the mental health field to develop anti-stigma approaches.
Incorporate the perceptions and experiences of front-line service providers to improve intervention approaches within communities.	Ensure equal participation from communities and health care entities, providers, and staff.	Community partners (providers, community-based organizations, peers) tasked with implementing an intervention are included in design discussions to ensure that the intervention accommodates their practice constraints or beliefs around what should be done and how.
Conduct more expansive intersectional stigma interventions and evaluations.	Consider implementation science study designs to evaluate existing community-based interventions or services instead of prioritizing efficacy. The lack of validated measures to assess impact may partially explain why there is limited evidence for efficacious interventions.	Evaluate interventions emphasizing academic–community partnerships to reduce intersectional stigma. Develop assessments that measure the comprehensive effects of interventions.
Create an accessible, living, and open compendium or database of research and community efforts to address intersectional stigma.	Create an evidence-based intervention compendium but employ a more flexible, dynamic approach. Select and combine core elements from different interventions that are relevant to the context.	The Stigma and Resilience Coalition is cataloguing community organization–based and research-based intersectional stigma efforts in New York City. Within the compendium, emphasize common elements of different interventions effective in terms of stigma reduction.
Address the role funding priorities play in our ability to address intersectional stigma.	Broaden the funding scope beyond behavioral and biomedical HIV outcomes to include stigma reduction and community empowerment.	Fund multilevel interventions with intersectional stigma reduction as the primary outcome of interest.