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. 2022 Jun 15;13:891448. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891448

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Copyright © 2022 Cao, Gu, Guo, Liu, Wang, Zhang, Zhang, Zhang, Shi, Zhao, Qiu, Gui, Ma, Tian, Liu, Meng, Xiao and Sun

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Serum GDF-15 can predict AE occurrence and survival in IPF patients independently. (A) The areas under ROC curves of GDF-15 were statistically significant in the classification of AE-IPF subjects (n = 47) or S-IPF patients (n = 61) (ROC: 0.738, p < 0.001, 95%CI: 0.529-0.809, cut-off value 989.3 pg/ml). (B) The AE-IPF patients had a significantly greater mortality compared with S-IPF cases by Kaplan–Meier analyses (p < 0.001). (C) Serum GDF-15 was significantly increased in decedents (n = 47) than that in survivors (n = 51) (p = 0.005). (D) ROC curve analyses for predicting the death of IPF patients based on serum GDF-15 levels. The areas under the ROC curve of GDF-15 were statistically significant in identifying the decedent from the survivor (ROC: 0.680, p = 0.002, 95%CI: 0.572-0.787, cut-off value 1075.76 pg/ml). (E) Patients with serum GDF-15 levels above 1,075.76 pg/ml had a higher mortality than those with GDF-15 levels lower than that (p < 0.001).