Figure 1.

Upstream regulators and downstream targets of mTORC1. Positive and negative regulators of mTORC1 signaling show alterations in spine density when deleted in murine models. All identified genes with a SFARI score of 1 can regulate mTORC1 and all change spine density compared to wildtype (WT) animals. If spine density is increased compared to WT, this is denoted by the gene in green while if spine density is decreased compared to the WT, this is denoted by the gene in red. Note that positive regulators of mTORC1 (with the exception of Dip2A) all decrease spine density either when deleted or when duplicated (UBE3A and MeCP2). Though we do not focus on downstream targets of mTORC1 in this review, these targets are involved in transcription, translation, and autophagy. Adnp, Activity dependent neuroprotective protein; Tcsf4, Transcription factor 4; Upf3b, Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3B; Csde1, Cold shock domain-containing protein E1; Pogz, Pogo transposable element with ZNF domain.