Table 4.

Risk of bias tool

	Random sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of participants	Blinding of personnel	Blinding of outcome assessment	Incomplete outcome data	Selective reporting
Crosby et al. [42]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Dean et al. [46]	High	High	High	Low	High	Low	Low
Drake et al. [26]	High	High	High	Low	High	Low	Low
Dworkin et al. [30]	High	High	High	Low	High	High	Low
Frencher et al. [31]	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hendricks et al. [32]	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hess et al. [33]	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hess et al. [33]	High	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hightow-Weidman et al. [34]	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hill et al. [27]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hoffman et al. [35]	High	High	High	Low	High	Low	Low
Hooker et al. [36]	High	High	High	Low	High	Low	Low
Jones et al. [28]	High	High	Low	Low	Low	High	Low
Klein et al. [37]	High	High	Low	Low	Low	High	Low
Luque et al. [47]	High	High	High	Low	High	Low	Low
Operario et al. [29]	High	High	High	Low	High	High	Low
Park et al. [38]	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Patel et al. [39]	High	High	High	Low	High	Low	Low
Tobin et al. [43]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Treadwell et al. [40]	High	High	High	Low	High	High	Low
Victor et al. [14]	High	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Wilson et al. [41]	High	High	High	Low	High	Low	Low
Wilson et al. [44]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Zhang et al. [45]	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low

Risk was deemed “High” if insufficient information was given.