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. 2021 Nov 4;414(18):5071–5085. doi: 10.1007/s00216-021-03751-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Illustrative scheme of an optical biosensor system based on the evanescent field sensing mechanism: light is coupled to the transducer surface generating an electromagnetic field that penetrates evanescently into the dielectric medium where the biological interaction takes place. The biointeraction changes the refractive index of the medium, which is translated in variations of certain optical properties of the output light (intensity, wavelength, etc.). b Main optimization parameters in sensor surface biofunctionalization: bioreceptor orientation (top), grafting density (middle), and antifouling coating (bottom)