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. 2022 Jun 29;12:10980. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14948-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Maximal QCM-D responses vary non-monotonically with HA size. Double-logarithmic plots with shifts in dissipation (ΔD_max) and normalised frequency (− Δf_min; i = 3) at maximum GAG binding as a function of the mean number of disaccharides, n_ds, per chain. Estimated experimental uncertainties (accounting for baseline drift upon HA binding: 0.67 × 10⁻⁶ for ΔD and 0.33 Hz for Δf per hour) are smaller than the symbol size and not shown. Grey lines with a slope of one are shown for reference: − Δf_min increases roughly linearly with HA size for small HA sizes. Incubation conditions: HA-b oligosaccharides (2, 5 and 7.5 ds; all chains $≲$ 3 kDa) and HA-b polysaccharides (13, 38, 58 and 317 kDa)—5 μg/mL; HA-b 100 kDa—10 µg/mL; HA-b 520 kDa and HA-b 838 kDa—20 μg/mL; see Fig. S2 for original data.