Table 1.
Variability in baseline characteristics and hospital care variables by US Region.
| Variables | NE (n = 26,519) | MW (n = 27,166) | S (n = 38,055) | W (n = 17,294) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics and Care Variables for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage patients across United States (2009 to 2018) a | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.5 (15.9) | 58.7 (15.6) | 57.5 (15.3) | 57.7 (15.7) | <0.0001 |
| Sex – Female | 15,568 (58.7) | 15,990 (58.9) | 22,817 (60) | 9,870 (57.1) | <0.0001 |
| Race: White | 17,585 (66.3) | 18,784 (69.2) | 21,898 (58) | 10,225 (59.1) | <0.0001 |
| Black | 3,043 (11.5) | 4,766 (17.5) | 10,817 (28) | 1,160 (6.7) | |
| Other/unknownb | 5,891 (22.2) | 3,616 (13.3) | 5,340 (14) | 5,909 (34.2) | |
| No. of low volume SAH centersc | 8 (25.0) | 8 (26.7) | 9 (23.7) | 8 (34.8) | 0.80 |
| Patients in low volume SAH-centersc | 547 (2.1) | 1,009 (3.7) | 1,713 (4.5) | 1,480 (8.9) | <0.0001 |
| Medical co-morbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 16,437 (62.0) | 17,627 (64.9) | 26,213 (69) | 10,787 (62.4) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4,341 (16.4) | 4,720 (17.4) | 7,076 (18.6) | 2,999 (17.3) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2,235 (8.4) | 2,484 (9.1) | 3,057 (8.0) | 1,294 (7.5) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | 3,966 (15.0) | 5,193 (19.1) | 6,998 (18.4) | 2,297 (13.3) | <0.0001 |
| Admission severity-of-illnessd | |||||
| Minor | 1,047 (4.0) | 1,002 (3.7) | 1,384 (3.6) | 513 (3.0) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate | 2,832 (10.7) | 2,748 (10.1) | 3,830 (10.1) | 1,903 (11.0) | |
| Major | 14,107 (53.2) | 13,998 (51.5) | 18,623 (49) | 8,963 (51.8) | <0.0001 <0.0001 |
| Extreme | 8,144 (30.7) | 8,389 (30.9) | 13,250 (35) | 5,570 (32.2) | |
| Radiology/procedures/medicationse | |||||
| Cerebral angiogram/arteriogram | 14,519 (54.8) | 14,073 (51.8) | 20,144 (53) | 9,375 (54.2) | <0.0001 |
| Extra-ventricular drain | 5,694 (21.5) | 5,927 (21.8) | 9,192 (24.2) | 4,181 (24.2) | <0.0001 |
| Cerebral aneurysm clipping | 2,419 (9.1) | 3,500 (12.9) | 4,701 (12.4) | 3,246 (18.8) | <0.0001 |
| Cerebral aneurysm coiling | 2,737 (10.3) | 2,668 (9.8) | 4,138 (10.9) | 1,603 (9.3) | <0.0001 |
| Cerebral angioplasty | 801 (3.0) | 902 (3.3) | 1,084 (2.9) | 507 (2.9) | 0.01 |
| Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt | 313 (1.2) | 391 (1.4) | 385 (1.0) | 215 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
| Tracheostomy | 523 (2.0) | 724 (2.7) | 1,746 (4.6) | 472 (2.7) | <0.0001 |
| Gastrostomy tube placement | 188 (0.7) | 291 (1.1) | 239 (0.6) | 129 (0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Electroencephalogram | 3,755 (14.2) | 4,005 (14.7) | 4,870 (12.8) | 2,771 (16.0) | <0.0001 |
| Vasopressor and inotrope usef | 2,964 (11.2) | 3,617 (13.3) | 5,306 (13.9) | 2,411 (13.9) | <0.0001 |
| Intra-arterial vasodilator therapyg | 2,168 (8.2) | 3,569 (13.1) | 4,515 (11.9) | 2,140 (12.4) | <0.0001 |
| Nimodipine | 2,808 (10.6) | 2,904 (10.7) | 4,557 (12.0) | 2,015 (11.7) | <0.0001 |
| Levetiracetam | 4,192 (15.8) | 4,075 (15.0) | 5,587 (14.7) | 2,513 (14.5) | 0.0002 |
| Phenytoin/fosphenytoin | 265 (1.0) | 258 (1.0) | 431 (1.1) | 321 (1.9) | <0.0001 |
| Valproic acid | 208 (0.8) | 137 (0.5) | 205 (0.5) | 97 (0.6) | <0.0001 |
| Albumin | 802 (3.0) | 968 (3.6) | 1,575 (4.1) | 693 (4.0) | <0.0001 |
NE, Northeast; MW, Midwest; S, South; W, West; SD, Standard Deviation; SAH, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging. aUnless otherwise specified, values are listed as number and percentage of total number of patients per region. bOther race/ethnicity includes Asian race, Pacific Islander, Native American, Hispanic Ethnicity. cDefined as annual SAH case load of less than 35 cases. dDefined by the All Patients Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (APR-DRG) disease-specific risk-of-mortality index. eDefined as at least one encounter for each modality or medication during hospital admission. fIncluded intravenous norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, vasopressin, dobutamine, milnirone. gIncluded intra-arterial nicardipine, verapamil, milnirone, papaverine.