Figure 2.

Stem cell based therapeutic action in retinal cells. Different types of stem cells can be differentiated into any of the retinal cells, mainly, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. For that, stem cells can be isolated at any stage of life cycle. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is isolated during the blastocyst stage and differentiated under various conditions in proper medium. On the other hand, retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) are extracted during the embryonic stage. It is possible to isolate stem cells from an adult body. For example, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) can be obtained from bone marrow and can be differentiated into any retinal cell type. Similarly, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSc) can be made by reprogramming any adult somatic cells including adipose tissue. This then allowed to differentiate into any type of cells as per the requirement. RPC is injected into the patient's eye through intravitreal injection. But all other cell types mentioned above can be injected in the subretinal space of the damaged area in the eye.