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. 2022 Jun 16;9:923502. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.923502

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Beta-hydroxybutyrate enhances human T-cell immune capacity during COVID-19. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultivated for 5 days in RPMI containing 80 mg/dl glucose (NC) and supplemented with 10 mM D/L-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). T-cell stimulation was performed through CD3/CD28 Dynabeads at a bead:cell ratio of 1:8. (A) Flow cytometric quantification of CD8+ T cells expressing intracellular Granzyme B (left), n = 15 individual patients. For better visualization, a histogram example of one patient is shown. (B) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) Granzyme B per cell, measured in CD8+ T cells (right), n = 15 individual patients. (C) Protein expression of TNFα/IFNγ/Perforin/Granzyme B in the supernatant of stimulated PBMC, n = 17/14/17/18 individual patients. (D) Relative CD8+ cell lysis activity as measured by calcein-fluorescence of isolated CD8+ T cells, n = 8 individual patients. Paired t-test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, as appropriate. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.